Shoho (English spelling) chao fǎ

Japanese: 鈔法 - しょうほう（英語表記）chāo fǎ

A monopoly system developed in the Song Dynasty in China. There were two types of monopoly: the official sales system, in which government agencies sold to consumers, and the commercial system, in which sales were entrusted to merchants. In the commercial system, merchants were required to buy government-issued promissory notes (such as salt and tea leaves) and were given monopoly goods and monopoly licenses in exchange for the promissory notes at the place of production, and were then allowed to sell within a designated area. This monopoly system was called the shoho system. Its distinctive feature was that it linked the sale of shoho with the procurement of materials necessary for the government's finances, especially grain (food for soldiers and horses), and induced merchants who wanted to sell monopoly goods to bring in the necessary materials to the necessary places, and used shoho to reimburse the price, avoiding the government agencies transporting the goods to the places of consumption and putting the people to work.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

中国の宋代に発達した専売法。専売の方式には政府機関の手で消費者への販売を行う官売法と商人に販売をまかせる通商法とがあり，通商法では商人に政府発行の手形(塩鈔，茶引（ちやいん）など)を買わせ，手形と引き替えに生産地で専売品と専売許可証とを渡し，所定の地域内で販売させていた。この専売方式を鈔法という。その特徴は鈔引の発売と財政に必要な物資，特に糧草(兵食馬料)の調達とを連結し，専売品の販売を望む商人を誘導して，必要な物資を必要な場所に入中（にゆうちゆう）(入納)させ，その代価の償還に鈔引を用い，政府機関の手で現物を消費地に運送して人民を役使するのを避けた点にある。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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