Germination - Hatsuga

Japanese: 発芽 - はつが
Germination - Hatsuga

It refers to the resumption of growth of the seed embryo or the germination of pollen or spores.

Seed germination can be seen as a morphological change in which the root breaks through the seed coat, but various physiological and biochemical changes have already occurred inside the seed before this happens. Therefore, seed germination can be said to consist of a series of processes that begin with the seed absorbing water, followed by the activation of complex biochemical reactions in cellular metabolism and biosynthesis, and ultimately leading to the resumption of growth of the embryo (root). Embryo growth usually begins from the root, but in the case of rice seeds, when germinated in water, the coleoptile (shoot) may begin to grow first.

[Masayuki Katsumi]

Seed germination conditions

Normally, seeds do not germinate immediately after maturation (dormancy). Therefore, in order to cause germination, special environmental stimuli such as low temperature and light, or the disappearance of inhibitors may be required, and depending on the structure and properties of the seed, such as the seed coat, it may be necessary to provide a sufficient supply of moisture and oxygen necessary for the development of the embryo. Also, seeds of different plant species have different temperature ranges that are suitable for germination.

[Masayuki Katsumi]

The germination process

Since the moisture content of seeds is as low as less than 10%, water absorption occurs first, which starts the metabolism of the seed tissue. This water absorption is a physical phenomenon caused by the colloidal substances that compose the seeds. As water absorption begins, respiration increases, supplying energy for the embryo growth. Meanwhile, reserve nutrients such as starch, fat, and protein are broken down into smaller molecules such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, which are used as substrates for respiration and materials for building new cells. Hydrolytic enzymes act to break down reserve nutrients, some of which are already present in the seeds and are activated by water absorption, while others are induced (synthesized) from scratch. However, many enzymes are actually induced before the embryo growth begins. In this case, some enzymes are formed based on pre-existing mRNA (messenger RNA) and some are formed based on mRNA that newly transcribes the genetic information of DNA. In some cases, enzyme induction is regulated by plant hormones, such as α-amylase in the aleurone layer of barley.

[Masayuki Katsumi]

[Reference] | Gibberellin

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

種子の胚(はい)が成長を再開すること、または花粉や胞子が芽を出すことをいう。

 種子の発芽は、現象的には、幼根が種皮を突き破って出るという形態的変化をもって認めることができるが、種子の内部では、それ以前に、すでにさまざまな生理的・生化学的変化がおこっている。したがって、種子の発芽は、種子の吸水に始まり、細胞代謝や生合成の複雑な生化学反応の活性化を伴って、最終的には胚(幼根)の成長再開に至る一連のプロセス(過程)からなっているといえる。胚の成長は、普通、幼根から始まるが、イネの種子のように、水中で発芽させると子葉鞘(しようしょう)(幼芽)から先に成長を始めることもある。

[勝見允行]

種子発芽の条件

普通、種子は熟成しても、すぐには発芽しない(休眠)。したがって、発芽をおこすためには、低温、光などの特別な環境刺激や阻害物質の消失が必要とされる場合もあるし、種皮などの種子の構造や性質によっては、胚の成長に必要な水分や酸素の供給を十分に行わなければならない場合もある。また、種子には、植物の種類によって、それぞれ発芽に適した温度範囲がある。

[勝見允行]

発芽のプロセス

種子の含水量は10%に満たないほどに低いため、初めに吸水がおこり、これによって、種子組織の代謝が始動される。この吸水は、種子を構成するコロイド質による物理的な現象である。吸水開始とともに呼吸が増加し、胚成長に使われるエネルギーが供給される。他方、デンプン、脂肪、タンパク質などの貯蔵養分は、それぞれ、ブドウ糖、脂肪酸、アミノ酸にまで低分子化され、呼吸の基質や新しい細胞の構築材料に使われる。貯蔵養分の分解には加水分解酵素が作用するが、これらのあるものは、すでに種子中に存在していて、吸水によって活性化されるものや、まったく新しく誘導(合成)されるものもある。しかし、多くの酵素は、実際に胚の成長が始まる前に誘導される。この際、やはり、すでに存在していたmRNA(メッセンジャーRNA)に基づいてできる酵素や、新しくDNAの遺伝情報を転写したmRNAに基づいてできる酵素もある。酵素の誘導には、オオムギのアリューロン層におけるα‐アミラーゼのように、植物ホルモンの調節を受ける場合がある。

[勝見允行]

[参照項目] | ジベレリン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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