As a result of the Opium Wars, this treaty was concluded between the Qing and British aboard the British ship Cornwallis on the Yangtze River in front of Nanjing in August 1842. It is also called the Treaty of Jiangning. Its main contents were: (1) the cession of Hong Kong, (2) the opening of the five ports of Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai, (3) the placement of consuls at the open ports, (4) the payment of a total of $21 million, including $12 million in war indemnity and $6 million in compensation for confiscated opium, (5) the abolition of the official trade system, and (6) the agreement on tariff rates by mutual consent. The supplementary treaties, the Wukou (Port) Commerce Regulations and Maritime Customs Regulations, were concluded in July 1843, and the additional treaty, the Humenzhai Additional Treaty, was concluded in October of the same year. The former stipulated consular jurisdiction and a 3% ad valorem import and export tax rate, while the latter stipulated unilateral most-favored-nation status and approval of land leases and residential construction for British nationals in open ports. These land lease rights paved the way for the later establishment of concessions. Based on these treaties, the Wangxia Treaty was concluded with the United States in 1844, and the Huangpu Treaty with France, giving both the United States and France the same privileges as the United Kingdom. The Treaty of Nanking and the subsequent treaties were the first of the unequal treaties imposed on China in modern times, which forced it to gradually reorganize itself as a subordinate market in the capitalist world market. Chinese historians generally consider this treaty to have marked the beginning of China's transformation from an independent feudal society into a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society. [Shinji Kojima] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アヘン戦争の結果、1842年8月、南京前面の揚子江(ようすこう)上のイギリス艦コーンウォリス号で清(しん)・イギリス間に結ばれた条約。江寧(こうねい)条約ともいう。そのおもな内容は、(1)香港(ホンコン)の割譲、(2)広州、厦門(アモイ)、福州、寧波(ニンポー)、上海(シャンハイ)の五港開港、(3)開港場に領事を置くこと、(4)戦費賠償金1200万ドル、没収アヘンの賠償600万ドルなど計2100万ドルの支払い、(5)公行制度の廃止、(6)相互の合意による関税率の協定、などである。続いて補足条約として43年7月、五口(港)通商章程および海関税則が、また追加条約として同年10月虎門寨(こもんさい)追加条約が結ばれた。前者で領事裁判権と従価3%の輸出入税率、後者で片務的最恵国待遇条項と、開港場におけるイギリス人の土地租借と住居建築の承認などが取り決められた。この土地租借権が後の租界設立に道を開くことになった。これらの条約を基本として、44年にアメリカと望廈(ぼうか)条約、フランスと黄埔(こうほ)条約が結ばれ、アメリカ、フランス両国もイギリスと同様な諸特権を得た。 南京条約とこれに続く以上の諸条約は、中国が近代において背負わされた不平等条約の最初のもので、これ以後、中国はしだいに資本主義世界市場の従属的な市場として再編成されることを余儀なくされた。中国の歴史家たちは一般に、この条約を起点として、中国は独立の封建社会から半植民地、半封建社会に転化し始めたとみなしている。 [小島晋治] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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