Honey - honey

Japanese: 蜂蜜 - はちみつ(英語表記)honey
Honey - honey

Honeybees collect nectar from plants, break it down using enzymes released from their salivary glands, and then concentrate it.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

component

Honey is mainly made up of the decomposition products of sucrose. The nectar contained in flowers is mostly sucrose. When bees bring nectar back to their hives, they break it down into fructose and glucose using a salivary enzyme called sucrase, which is secreted from the salivary glands near the bees' mouths. The bees then move their wings to blow air on the nectar, concentrating it into honey. The honey is concentrated to about 20% water. At this level, it can be stored almost forever without spoiling. At this time, useful substances such as pantothenic acid secreted from the bees' salivary glands are mixed into the honey, and this, together with the ingredients in the nectar, seems to give honey its nutritional value. Also, nectar originally contains many useful ingredients, and these are the reasons why honey has high food value. However, even though it is called honey, it is still influenced by the original nectar. In particular, the aroma components of the original nectar are transferred to the honey. For example, honey collected by bees from astragalus flowers has the distinctive scent of astragalus, and mandarin oranges have a strong mandarin orange flavor. Some honeys do not suit Japanese tastes, and are refined. However, the original honey flavor is lost when refined, so it is often sold mixed with astragalus and other honeys with flavors that are more popular. Nutritional components include pantothenic acid, which is mixed in with the bees' saliva, as well as various vitamins and minerals contained in the nectar. However, the amount of these varies considerably depending on the type of nectar from which it was originally made. Minerals also have an effect on cooking; when honey made from nectar that is high in iron is added to black tea, it combines with the tannins in the tea and turns it black, but there are some types of tea that do not change the color significantly.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

Types and Features

Honey made from nectar of astragalus flowers has the fragrance and sweetness most popular with Japanese people. Astragalus honey is light in color, with a light fragrance and taste, and no peculiar taste. Rape honey (rapeseed honey) is pale yellow in color and tends to produce fine white crystals, but has a mild fragrance, which is also suitable for Japanese people. Robinia pseudoacacia honey is light in color, has a good fragrance, and is considered to be high-quality honey. Mandarin and orange honey have a distinctive citrus fragrance and are somewhat dark in color. Buckwheat honey is very peculiar and dark in color, so it is often refined before use in Japan. Chestnut honey is similar to buckwheat honey, being dark in color and slightly astringent. It is also often refined and used in the pharmaceutical industry. Horse chestnut honey is well-liked for its fragrance and flavor, but is produced in small quantities. Clover honey is golden in color and has a good flavor.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

standard

According to standards, honey must be labeled differently between pure honey and honey with added sugar, and honey with added sugar must be labeled as "sweetened honey" according to fair trade regulations.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

use

Honey is widely used as a sweetener for confectionery and other foods, and is often used as a substitute for sugar due to its strong image of being healthy. However, since its main component is sugar, consuming too much of it can lead to obesity. It provides 77% of the energy of sugar. Unlike sugar, honey is a reducing sugar, consisting of fructose and glucose, so if it is stored for a long time with fruit juice or other ingredients, such as in plum wine, it can undergo an aminocarbonyl reaction and turn brown.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

Royal Jelly

Honeybee worker bees are given bee milk, secreted from secretory glands such as the hypopharyngeal gland and mandibular gland, located near the salivary glands, directly as food for raising queen bees. Any excess is stored in a place called a queen cell, and this is what is harvested as royal jelly, although the production volume is very small. It is a milky white, slightly sour, sticky liquid with a distinctive smell. Its main component is pantothenic acid, which is thought to play a major role in developing into queen bees, and it is used in health foods. However, the details are still not well understood.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

Manufacturing

Honey is made by heating the decomposed and concentrated nectar collected by bees to stop the action of enzymes and to concentrate it if it is diluted. However, some honey is raw and not heated, and can ferment when the temperature rises. Since alcoholic beverages can easily be made by diluting and fermenting honey, it is sometimes said that alcoholic beverages were originally made from honey. The word "honeymoon" is said to have originated from the Germanic custom of drinking liquor made from honey for a certain period of time after marriage.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

Cultural history

As you can see from the lack of a reading for "honey," honey was not a familiar presence in Japan until modern beekeeping production increased and honey became a food product. "Honey" simply meant a strong sweetness, like in "mandarin oranges," so it was only natural that it was confused with molasses, which is made from sugar. The main use of honey is not as a sweetener, but as a tonic to be mixed with other Chinese herbal medicines, and collected honey was a by-product of collecting beeswax, which is used as an ingredient in candles, hair styling products, etc.

There are animals in the primate order as well as omnivorous carnivores that eat honey, so it is not difficult to imagine that humans have been collecting honey from a very early period. Until primitive agricultural cultures, when hunting and gathering accounted for a small percentage of food, people often only used honey they discovered by chance for self-sufficiency. Ethnographic cultures that place importance on honey collection are often found in areas where ethnic differentiation of economic activity is seen, and were often cultures of small populations of hunter-gatherers who used honey as one of the goods traded with the surrounding large populations of agricultural and pastoral people. In central, eastern and southeastern Africa, there are cultures that place great importance on honey, which is collected by collecting wild bees using simple hives, and on mead, which is made from honey. In particular, the Okiek (Dorobo) people of Kenya, who supplied honey to the Masai who used honey as dowry, had a honey culture in which they traded large amounts of honey collected by taking advantage of the tendency of birds to find nests, and used the mead they produced themselves as a hallucinogen in rites to communicate with ancestral spirits.

In Western Asia, where cities were established the earliest, honey has been valued since ancient times, and has been used as a raw material for mead, as a sweetener, as a nutritious agent, as a trade item, and sometimes as a preservative for the dead. The cultural tradition of giving a special place to honey has continued since ancient times in the vast area from Eastern Europe to South Asia, centered on this region where beekeeping began, and even today, many ethnic groups consider the use of honey, especially at weddings, to have a magical meaning. In the traditions of Judaism and Christianity, words equivalent to honey, including other sweeteners (especially grape sugar), are used to describe the word of God or a person who is in accordance with God's will, or honey and milk are combined to describe the Promised Land, but in the broader sense, they should be considered to form part of the cultural traditions of Eurasia mentioned above. In China, the use of honey as a raw material for mead and beverages, and for herbal medicine, is known, but there is no cultural tradition that regards honey as sacred, as can be seen in the Buddhist tales where honey is used as a metaphor for temporary pleasure and as an obstacle to true enlightenment. The honey culture in Japan is also an extension of this East Asian tradition. After World War II, sugar trade was controlled in Japan, so there was a temporary increase in demand for honey, which was an uncontrolled, self-sufficient sweetener.

[Akira Sasaki]

"The Story of Honey" by Hara Jun (1988, Rokuko Publishing)""The Cultural History of Honeybees" by Watanabe Takashi (1994, Chikuma Shobo)""Honeybees - The Practice of Breeding and Production, and Nectar-Producing Plants" by Kakuta Koji (1997, Rural Culture Association)""The Encyclopedia of Honey" by Watanabe Takashi, new edition (2003, Shinju Shoin)""The Story of Honey - Food Culture and Cooking Methods" by Shimizu Michiko (2003, Shinju Shoin)

Main types of honey
1. Buckwheat honey: Single nectar source. Honey made from the nectar of buckwheat flowers. Dark in color. Unique fragrance with astringent and bitter taste. 2. Horse chestnut honey: Single nectar source. Honey made from the nectar of horse chestnut flowers. Reddish pale yellow. Gentle fragrance, good flavor, and modest sweetness. 3. Black locust honey: Single nectar source. Honey made from the nectar of black locust flowers. Pale in color. Subtle fragrance with elegant sweetness. In Japan, it is often simply called acacia honey. 4. Mandarin honey: Single nectar source. Honey made from the nectar of mandarin flowers. Pale yellow. Citrus fragrance and sour taste. 5. Apple honey: Single nectar source. Honey made from apple nectar. Pale yellow. Sweet and sour apple fragrance and sour taste. 6. Astragalus honey: Single nectar source. Honey made from the nectar of astragalus flowers. Pale yellow. Elegant fragrance, mild taste that Japanese people love ⑦ Flower honey: Multiple nectar sources. Honey made from a mixture of nectar from several different flowers. The taste and color vary depending on the nectar collected by the bees. ©Shogakukan ">

Main types of honey


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ミツバチが草木の花蜜(かみつ)を集め、それを唾液腺(だえきせん)から出る酵素の作用で分解し、さらに濃縮したもの。

[河野友美・山口米子]

成分

蜂蜜の成分は、主としてショ糖の分解生成物である。花に含まれている花蜜は、主成分がほとんどショ糖である。花蜜をミツバチが巣へもって帰り、ミツバチの口腔(こうこう)のそばにある唾液腺から分泌するスクラーゼとよばれる唾液腺酵素で、果糖とブドウ糖に分解する。これにミツバチがはねを動かして風を送り、濃縮して蜂蜜に仕上げる。濃度はだいたい水分20%程度まで濃縮される。この程度だと、ほとんどいつまでも腐敗せずに貯蔵することができる。このとき、ミツバチの唾液腺から分泌されるパントテン酸といった有用な物質が蜂蜜に混入するが、これが花蜜中の成分とともに蜂蜜の栄養的な価値観を生んでいるようである。また、もともと花蜜には各種の有用な成分が多く含まれていて、これらのことが蜂蜜の食品価値を高める原因になっているといえよう。しかし、蜂蜜といってももとの花蜜の影響はそのまま受ける。とくに香りに対しては、もとの花蜜の香り成分が移行する。たとえば、レンゲの花からミツバチが集めたものであれば、レンゲ特有の香りがあり、またミカンでは、ミカンの風味が強く出てくる。日本人の嗜好(しこう)にあいにくいものもあり、このようなものでは精製が行われる。しかし、精製したものでは本来の蜂蜜の風味が失われるので、レンゲなど比較的嗜好度の高い風味のものと混合して販売されることが多い。栄養的な成分としては、先にあげたミツバチの唾液とともに混入するパントテン酸のようなもののほかに、花蜜の中に含まれていた各種のビタミンや無機質なども含まれる。しかし、もとの花の蜜の種類により、その含量はかなり異なる。無機質は料理にも影響を与え、鉄分の多い花蜜からつくられた蜂蜜を紅茶に加えると、紅茶中のタンニンと結合して黒変するが、それほど紅茶の色の変化しないものもある。

[河野友美・山口米子]

種類と特徴

レンゲの花蜜からつくられる蜂蜜はもっとも日本人に好まれる香りと甘味をもつ。レンゲ蜂蜜は色が薄く、香り、味ともに淡泊でくせがない。アブラナ蜂蜜(ナタネ蜂蜜)は淡黄色で白い細かい結晶が出やすいが、香りが穏やかで、これも日本人向きである。ニセアカシア蜂蜜は淡色で香りがよく、上質の蜂蜜とされている。ミカン蜂蜜およびオレンジ蜂蜜は特有の柑橘(かんきつ)類の香りがあり、色もやや濃い。ソバ蜂蜜は非常にくせがあり、暗い色でもあるため、日本では精製して使用することが多い。クリ蜂蜜もソバ蜂蜜と同様で、暗い色ですこし渋味がある。これも精製したり医薬品工業用として使用されることが多い。トチノキ蜂蜜は香り、風味ともよく喜ばれるが、量が少ない。クローバー蜂蜜は黄金色で風味がよい。

[河野友美・山口米子]

規格

蜂蜜は規格上、純粋の蜂蜜と糖分を添加したものでは表示が異なり、他のものを添加したものについては、公正規約により「加糖はちみつ」という表示が必要である。

[河野友美・山口米子]

利用

蜂蜜は菓子などの甘味料として広く用いられるほか、健康的なイメージが強いため、砂糖のかわりとして使用される場合が多い。しかし、糖分が主成分なので、とりすぎは肥満につながる。エネルギーは砂糖の77%である。なお、砂糖と違い、果糖とブドウ糖といった還元糖になっているので、梅酒のように果汁などの成分とともに長く保存するとアミノカルボニル反応をおこし褐変する場合がある。

[河野友美・山口米子]

ロイヤルゼリー

ミツバチのなかの働きバチの唾液腺のそばにある下咽頭腺(かいんとうせん)および大腮腺(だいしせん)といった分泌腺から分泌された蜂乳(ほうにゅう)が、女王バチを育てるための餌(えさ)として直接与えられる。余った分は王台とよばれる場所に蓄えられ、これがロイヤルゼリーとして採取されているもので、生産量は非常に少ない。乳白色でわずかに酸味を帯び、ねっとりとした液汁で特有のにおいがある。主たる成分としてはパントテン酸が多く、これが女王バチに育つ大きな役割を果たしているのではないかといわれ、健康食品に利用されている。しかし、まだ詳しいことはよくわかっていない。

[河野友美・山口米子]

製造

蜂蜜は、ミツバチが集めてきて分解濃縮した花蜜を集めてさらに加熱し、酵素の働きを止めるとともに、薄いものでは濃縮して蜂蜜とする。しかし、なかには加熱加工しない生(なま)のものもあり、気温が上昇すると発酵することがある。蜂蜜を薄めて発酵させると簡単にアルコール飲料ができるところから、酒類は初め蜂蜜からつくられたのではないかといわれることもある。ゲルマン民族の風習として、結婚後、一定期間蜂蜜でつくった酒を飲んだところから、ハネムーンということばが生まれたといわれている。

[河野友美・山口米子]

文化史

「蜜」に訓がないことからわかるとおり、近代養蜂(ようほう)の生産量が増えて蜂蜜(はちみつ)が食料品化するまでの日本では蜂蜜は身近な存在ではなかった。「蜜」は「蜜柑(みかん)」のように単に強い甘味を意味したにすぎず、砂糖からつくる糖蜜と混同したのも当然だった。蜂蜜のおもな用途は、甘味料よりも、漢方の他の薬品と混ぜる緩和・強壮剤であり、採集蜂蜜はろうそく、整髪剤などの原料にした蜜蝋(みつろう)採集の副産物だった。

 雑食性食肉目とともに、霊長目にも蜂蜜を食べる動物がいるから、非常に早い時点から人間が蜂蜜を採集してきたことを想像するのは困難ではない。採集狩猟物が獲得食糧の数割を占める原始農耕文化に至るまでは、偶然に発見する蜂蜜を自給的に利用する程度にとどまることが多かった。蜂蜜採集を重要視する民族誌上の文化は、経済活動の民族的分化のみられる地域に多く、周囲の大人口農耕・牧畜民との交易物資の一つに蜂蜜を用いる小人口の採集狩猟民の文化であることが多かった。中央部、東部および南東部アフリカには、簡単な巣箱をかけて野生蜂を集めて採集する蜂蜜と、蜂蜜からつくる蜜酒を重要視する文化がみられ、とくに蜂蜜を婚資に使うマサイ人に蜂蜜を供給したケニアのオキーク(ドロボ)人では、鳥が巣をみつける習性を利用して採集した大量の蜂蜜を交易用とするとともに、自給する蜜酒を祖霊交信儀礼の幻覚剤に用いる蜂蜜の文化がみられた。

 もっとも早く都市の成立した西アジアでも、古代から蜂蜜を重要視し、蜜酒原料、甘味料、滋養剤、交易品、ときには遺体保存剤として用いた。養蜂を始めたこの地域を中心として、東ヨーロッパから南アジアに至る広大な地域には古代から蜂蜜に特別な位置を与える文化伝統が続き、現在でもとくに婚礼時の蜂蜜の使用に呪術(じゅじゅつ)的意味を考える民族が少なくない。ユダヤ教、キリスト教の伝統では、神のことば、神意にかなった人物の形容に他の甘味料(とくにブドウの糖分)を含む蜜相当語を用い、あるいは約束の地の形容に蜜と牛乳を組み合わせるが、巨視的には上記のユーラシアの文化的伝統の一部を形成するとみるべきである。中国でも蜜酒および飲料の原料、漢方医薬などの利用方法は知られているが、仏教説話で蜜を一時的快楽の比喩(ひゆ)に用いて、真の悟りを妨げるものとしたことにみられるとおり、蜂蜜を神聖視する文化伝統は存在しない。日本の蜂蜜の文化もこの東アジアの伝統の延長である。第二次世界大戦後の日本では砂糖の取引が統制されていたので、統制外の自給甘味料だった蜂蜜の需要が一時的に拡大した。

[佐々木明]

『原淳著『ハチミツの話』(1988・六興出版)』『渡辺孝著『ミツバチの文化史』(1994・筑摩書房)』『角田公次著『ミツバチ――飼育・生産の実際と蜜源植物』(1997・農山漁村文化協会)』『渡辺孝著『ハチミツの百科』新装版(2003・真珠書院)』『清水美智子著『はちみつ物語――食文化と料理法』(2003・真珠書院)』

蜂蜜のおもな種類
①ソバ蜂蜜:単一の蜜源。ソバの花蜜からつくられた蜂蜜。黒っぽい色。独特の香りで、渋み、苦みがある②トチノキ蜂蜜:単一の蜜源。トチノキの花蜜からつくられた蜂蜜。赤みがかった淡黄色。やさしい香りで風味がよく、控え目な甘さ③ニセアカシア蜂蜜:単一の蜜源。ニセアカシアの花蜜からつくられた蜂蜜。淡色。ほのかな香りで、上品な甘さがある。日本では、ただ単にアカシア蜂蜜といわれることが多い④ミカン蜂蜜:単一の蜜源。ミカンの花蜜からつくられた蜂蜜。淡黄色。柑橘類特有の香りで、酸味がある⑤リンゴ蜂蜜:単一の蜜源。リンゴの花蜜からつくられた蜂蜜。淡黄色。甘酸っぱいリンゴの香りで、酸味がある⑥レンゲ蜂蜜:単一の蜜源。レンゲの花蜜からつくられた蜂蜜。淡黄色。上品な香り、日本人に好まれるくせのない味⑦百花蜂蜜:複数の蜜源。数種類の花の蜜が混じり合った蜂蜜。ミツバチが集めた花蜜の違いによって味も色も違ってくる©Shogakukan">

蜂蜜のおもな種類


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