A group of Han Chinese who are said to have maintained their own traditions, lifestyles, and dialect, the Hakka language. They are called "Hakka people" (Hakkaanin), as well as other names such as "Guest tribe" (Hatzu), "Guest family" (Hasu), and "Guest" (Hanin). They believe that their original homeland was the Central Plains region in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Since their first southern migration during the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the 4th century AD, when the Five Barbarians rebelled, there is a legend that they were forced to migrate south five times (some say three times) until the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty in the late 19th century. The original meaning of "Hakka" was "guest and home," and it is said to have been an alternative name given to them in Guangdong Province, where they migrated, to distinguish them from the indigenous Han Chinese. There are many different theories about the population, but in the 1960s, the Hong Kong Ts'ung Cheng Association estimated that there were 40 million Chinese in China, with 5 million overseas Chinese. The most populous province is Guangdong, with 15.5 million, followed by Jiangxi and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (both with about 5 million), Fujian (about 4 million), Sichuan (about 2.5 million), and Taiwan (about 1.7 million). It is well known that Hong Xiuquan, the leader of the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864), was of Hakka descent, and many other important historical figures in modern and contemporary China are said to be of Hakka descent. Recent studies have revealed that "Hakka" is a category of people that was "discovered" in modern times, and that the people it referred to have changed over time. [Yoshio Watanabe] "The Formation of Modern Hakka Society" by Noriko Iijima (2007, Fukyosha)" ▽ "The Creation and Re-creation of Hakka Society" edited by Masahisa Segawa and Noriko Iijima (2012, Fukyosha) [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
漢民族のなかにあって独自の伝統、生活様式、および方言客家語を保持するとされる人々。「客家人」(ハッカアニン)と称するほか、「客族」(ハッツウ)、「客属」(ハッス)、「客人」(ハッニン)などの別称がある。原郷は、彼らのなかで、黄河中流域の中原(ちゅうげん)地方であると信じられている。紀元4世紀、東晋(とうしん)の時代以後、五胡(ごこ)乱華によって第1回の南渡を経験して以来、19世紀後半の清(しん)朝同治年間まで5回(説によっては3回)、南下移民を余儀なくされたとされる伝承がある。「客家」とはそもそも「客而家焉」(客にして家す)という義であり、移住先の広東(カントン/コワントン)省内で、先住の漢民族と区別する意味でつけられた他称であったとされる。 人口は諸説があって一致しないが、1960年代の香港(ホンコン)崇正公会の推定では中国国内に4000万、華僑(かきょう)として500万であった。もっとも人口の多いのは広東省で約1550万、以下江西省、広西(こうせい/カンシー)チワン族自治区(ともに約500万)、福建省(約400万)、四川(しせん/スーチョワン)省(約250万)、台湾(約170万)などとなっている。太平天国の乱(1850~1864)の首領、洪秀全は客家出身であることがよく知られているが、そのほか、中国近現代の歴史的要人のうちには、客家出身とされる者が少なくない。 近年の諸研究で「客家」は近代に「発見」された人々のカテゴリーであり、時代によって対象となる人々が異なっていたことが判明しつつある。 [渡邊欣雄] 『飯島典子著『近代客家社会の形成』(2007・風響社)』▽『瀬川昌久・飯島典子編『客家の創生と再創生』(2012・風響社)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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