A trading method in which two countries mutually agree on the type, quantity, and value of traded goods, and strive to balance exports and imports so that there is no difference between borrowing and lending within a certain period of time. Since the results of purchases and sales are consistent, this method does not require settlement through foreign exchange, and therefore on the surface it appears to be the same as barter, but in reality it is a trade of goods based on a sales contract. Barter trade was widely practiced during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when the balance of payments in each country's accounts was destroyed, as a way to save on foreign currency settlements. After World War II, it was practiced in East-West trade and in trade with developing countries. Socialist and developing countries lack foreign currency for external payments, so exports to these countries require imports in return. Payment methods for barter trade include a back-to-back L/C (where an import L/C and an export L/C are opened simultaneously), an escrow L/C (where the importer in the country that imported first deposits the import price in the bank that opened the L/C, and the importer in the country importing later withdraws the deposit to settle the price), and a Thomas L/C (which becomes valid with a letter of guarantee from the other party that a return L/C will be opened within a certain period of time). [Kenji Akiyama] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
二国間で貿易商品の種類や数量、金額などを相互に取り決めて、一定期間内で貸借の差額が出ないよう輸出入額の均衡を図る貿易方式をいう。この方式は売買結果が一致するので外国為替(かわせ)による代金決済を必要としないため、表面的には物々交換と同じにみえるが、実質は売買契約に基づく物品取引である。バーター貿易は、1930年代の世界恐慌のとき、各国の対外収支の均衡が破壊されたため外貨決済を節約する意味で広く行われた。第二次世界大戦後は、東西貿易や対発展途上国貿易において行われている。社会主義諸国や発展途上国は、対外支払いにあてる外貨が不足しているため、それら諸国への輸出は、それと抱き合わせに見返り輸入が求められるのである。なお、バーター貿易の決済方法には、バック・ツー・バック信用状back-to-back L/C(輸入信用状と輸出信用状を同時に開設するもの)、エスクロ信用状escrow L/C(先に輸入した国の輸入商が、その輸入代金を信用状開設銀行に積み立て、あとから輸入する国の輸入商は、その積立金を取り崩して代金を決済するもの)、トーマス信用状TOMAS L/C(一定期間内にかならず見返り信用状を開設する旨の相手方の保証状によって有効となるもの)などがある。 [秋山憲治] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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