Iga Province

Former name of the northwestern part of Mie prefecture. Belongs to the Tokaido. Established in 680 (the 9th year of Emperor Tenmu) by dividing part of Ise province. It governed the four districts of Ahai, Yamada, Iga, and Nabari. To the east, the Nunobiki Mountains form the watershed between Ise province, to the south and west it borders Yamato province, and to the north it shares a border with Omi province. It is about 30 km east to west and 35 km north to south. The provincial capital was located in Ichinomiya, present-day Iga city. As it is adjacent to Yamato, Yayoi pottery and remains of houses are scattered throughout the area, and bronze bells have also been discovered. Pre-pottery culture, Jomon pottery, and stone tools have also been discovered, proving how ancient Iga is. From the Kofun period to the Yamato Imperial Court period, the advanced culture of Minamiyamato was transmitted from Uda along the Iga River, and in the Nara period, the Kizu River connected Yamato to this area. The area is home to the largest ancient tombs in Mie Prefecture, such as the Mihata Tomb Group (Shinden, Nabari City), Ishiyama Tomb (Zairyo, Iga City), and Mihakayama Tomb (Sanagu, Iga City), as well as the Mita Abandoned Temple (Mita, Iga City), the ruins of Kokubunji Temple (Saimyo-ji, Iga City), the remains of Houo-ji Temple (Houo-ji, Iga City), and the remains of the jori system (Iga City). During the Jinshin War (672), Prince Oama left Yoshino, passed through Nabari (Nabari City), Iga Gunke (Kanbe, Iga City), and headed to Ise from Tsuge (Iga City). The collapse of the Ritsuryo system promoted the development of a large land ownership system like a manor, and Todaiji Temple became a major manorial lord, owning both Tamataki and Tomoda manors in the north and Kuroda manor in the south. At the same time, the Fujiwara Michinaga clan established a manor based on donated land, and with the addition of manors such as Kofuku-ji Temple and Ise Shrine, Iga became almost a manorial area. During the Kamakura period, the manors were invaded by the rise of the samurai, but the ties between the local feudal lords that had arisen and the central samurai government were severed. Shugo were appointed by the Ouchi and Yamauchi Sudo clans during the Kamakura period, and by the Niki and Kitabatake clans during the Nanboku-cho and Muromachi periods, but they were prevented from entering the area by local feudal lords and were unable to exert any influence. On the other hand, there were no influential local feudal lords who grew into shugo daimyo, and Iga during the Muromachi period was ruled by a coalition of these.

The Tensho Iga Rebellion of 1581 (Tensho 9) dealt a devastating blow to Iga, and Iga was pacified by Oda Nobunaga. Then, during the reign of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Tsutsui Sadatsugu was appointed to the castle in 1585, and built the first castle in Ueno. In 1608 (Keicho 13), Todo Takatora took over. Thus, Ueno became a castle town of 100,000 koku of land in Tsu Domain Iga, and had a population of about 12,000. The haiku poet Matsuo Basho was a local samurai of Iga Ueno, and Goan, which is associated with Basho, is located in Ueno. The floats of the Ueno Tenjin Festival, Noh masks, Iga umbrellas, Iga ware, and braided cords are symbols of traditional culture and industry. In 1871 (Meiji 4), with the abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures, Tsu Domain became Anotsu Prefecture, and in 1876 it merged with Watarai Prefecture to become Mie Prefecture.

[Yoshio Harada]

"Naka ​​Sadao's 'Nabari City History', 2 volumes (1960, 1961, Nabari Local History Research Society)" ▽ "'Ueno City History' (1961, Ueno City)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

三重県北西部の旧国名。東海道に属する。680年（天武天皇9）伊勢(いせ)国の一部を割いて成立。阿拝(あへ)、山田、伊賀、名張(なばり)の4郡を管した。東は布引(ぬのびき)山脈が伊勢国との分水嶺(ぶんすいれい)をなし、南と西は大和(やまと)国に接し、北は近江(おうみ)国と境を分かつ。東西約30キロメートル、南北約35キロメートル。国府は、現在の伊賀市一之宮にあった。大和に隣接するため、弥生(やよい)土器や住居跡は各地に散在し銅鐸(どうたく)も発見される。先土器文化や縄文土器・石器もしだいに発見され、伊賀の歴史の古さがわかる。古墳時代から大和朝廷時代、伊賀川沿いに宇陀(うだ)の地から南大和の先進文化が伝わり、奈良時代には木津(きづ)川が大和とこの地を結ぶ。美旗(みはた)古墳群（名張市新田(しんでん)）、石山古墳（伊賀市才良(ざいりょう)）、御墓山(みはかやま)古墳（同市佐那具(さなぐ)）など三重県内最大の規模を誇る古墳、中央文化の浸透を示す三田廃寺(みたはいじ)（伊賀市三田）、国分寺址(あと)（同市西明寺(さいみょうじ)）、鳳凰寺(ぼうじ)跡（伊賀市鳳凰寺）、条里制遺構（伊賀市）などがある。壬申(じんしん)の乱（672）には、大海人皇子(おおあまのおうじ)は吉野から隠(なばり)（名張市）、伊賀郡家(ぐんけ)（伊賀市神戸(かんべ)）を通り柘植(つげ)（伊賀市）より伊勢に向かった。律令(りつりょう)体制の崩壊は荘園(しょうえん)的大土地所有体系の進展を促し、東大寺は北部の玉滝(たまたき)、鞆田(ともだ)両庄(しょう)と南部の黒田庄を領有する一大荘園領主となる。それと並行して藤原道長(みちなが)一門の寄進地系荘園が成立、それに興福寺、伊勢神宮などの荘園を加え伊賀はほとんど荘園化した。鎌倉時代、武士の台頭により荘園は侵略されたが、勃興(ぼっこう)した在地土豪と中央武家政権との結び付きは断絶した。守護は、鎌倉時代に大内、山内首藤(すどう)氏ら、南北朝・室町時代に仁木(にき)、北畠(きたばたけ)氏らが任ぜられたが、土豪に入部を阻まれて勢力を張ることはできなかった。一方、在地土豪らも守護大名へと成長する有力者もなく、室町時代の伊賀は彼らによる連合支配が行われていた。

　この伊賀に壊滅的な打撃を与えたのが1581年（天正9）の天正(てんしょう)伊賀の乱で、伊賀は織田信長によって平定され、ついで豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉の世には1585年筒井(つつい)定次が封ぜられ、初めて上野に築城、かわって1608年（慶長13）藤堂高虎(とうどうたかとら)が入封した。かくて上野は、津藩伊賀10万石の城下町として人口約1万2000を数えるに至った。俳人松尾芭蕉(ばしょう)は伊賀上野の郷士で、上野には芭蕉ゆかりの五庵(あん)がある。上野天神祭の山車(やま)、能面、伊賀傘(かさ)、伊賀焼、組紐(くみひも)は、伝統的文化と産業の象徴である。1871年（明治4）廃藩置県によって津藩は安濃津(あのつ)県となり、1876年度会(わたらい)県と合併して三重県に編入された。

［原田好雄］

『中貞夫著『名張市史』2巻（1960、1961・名張地方史研究会）』▽『『上野市史』（1961・上野市）』

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