A pan-Arab nationalist party active in Syria, Iraq, etc. Its official name is the Arab Socialist Renaissance Party (izb al-Ba'th al-'Arabī al-Ishtirākī). Ba'th means revival (renaissance), and the more faithful pronunciation is Ba'ath. It was formed as a secret society in Damascus in 1940, and officially launched in 1947. When it was first established, it called itself the Arab Ba'th Party, but in 1953 it merged with the Arab Socialist Party and changed its name to its current one. With the slogan "One Arab nation, carrying an eternal mission," and the basic principles of "unity, freedom, and socialism," the party aimed to achieve Arab unity, liberation from colonialism and Zionism, and the realization of social justice for the Arab masses. In the 1950s, the party expanded its influence to Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, and other countries, but after the failure of the union of Egypt and Syria (1958-1961), which was supposed to be the first step towards the realization of Arab unity, internal conflicts intensified over the interpretation of its activities and ideology. The party gained power through coups in Syria in 1963 and Iraq in 1968, but these internal conflicts led to the centralization of power, and when the Hafez Assad regime came to power in Syria in 1970 and the Saddam Hussein regime came to power in Iraq in 1979, the party became a tool to maintain the authoritarian regime. In Syria in 2000, Bashar Assad, the second son of the former president, became president after his father's death, and the Ba'ath Party's rule entered the stage of a "hereditary republic" (Jumrouqiya). Meanwhile, in Iraq, the Hussein regime collapsed due to the Iraq War in 2003, and the Ba'ath Party went underground as an anti-establishment organization. [Hiroyuki Aoyama] [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
シリア、イラクなどで活動する汎アラブ民族主義政党。正式名称はアラブ社会主義バース党izb al-Ba‘th al-‘Arabī al-Ishtirākī(Arab Socialist Renaissance Party)。バースは復興(ルネサンス)の意で、原音により忠実な表記はバアスである。1940年にダマスカスで秘密結社として結成され、1947年に正式発足した。結党当初はアラブ・バース党を名乗っていたが、1953年にアラブ社会党と合併し現在の党名に改称した。「単一のアラブ民族、永遠の使命を担う」をスローガンとし、「統一、自由、社会主義」という基本原則を掲げ、アラブ統一、植民地主義およびシオニズムからの解放、アラブ大衆による社会的公正の実現を目ざした。1950年代、ヨルダン、レバノン、イラクなどに勢力を拡大したが、アラブ統一実現の第一歩となるはずだったエジプトとシリアの合邦(1958~1961年)が挫折(ざせつ)して以降、活動方針やイデオロギー解釈をめぐり党内対立が激化した。1963年にシリアで、1968年にイラクでクーデターにより政権を獲得したが、この党内対立は権力の一極集中を招き、1970年にシリアでハーフィズ・アサド政権が、1979年にイラクでフセイン政権が誕生すると、党は権威主義体制を維持するための道具と化した。その後シリアでは2000年に前大統領の次男であるバッシャール・アサドが父の死を受けて大統領に就任し、バース党支配は「世襲共和制」(ジュムルーキーヤ)の段階に入った。一方、イラクでは2003年のイラク戦争により、フセイン政権が崩壊、バース党は反体制組織として地下に潜伏した。 [青山弘之] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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