Nettle - Nettle
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A perennial plant of the Urticaceae family (APG classification: Urticaceae). The entire plant has special stinging hairs that cause intense pain when touched, hence the name (ira means painful stimulation). The stems grow in clusters, are 40-120 cm tall, and are fibrous. The leaves have long stalks, are opposite, oval, and are 4-12 cm long excluding the stalk. The edges have coarse double serrations. There are two oval stipules in the axils, but these are actually four stipules that have been stuck together. The inflorescences are spike-shaped, with two in the axils (that is, four at each node). There are male and female plants, with male inflorescences in the middle of the stem and female inflorescences in the upper axils. They grow in the low mountains from Honshu to Kyushu, and are distributed overseas in the Korean Peninsula and southwestern China. The Chinese name is Biting Man's Nettle. This species is closely related to the nettle (Taiwan nettle) U. fissa E. Pritzel, which is native to mainland China and Taiwan, and was once confused with it. [Hiroshi Yonekura December 13, 2019] Nettle as a generic nameA general term for the herbaceous plants of the Urtica genus, including the aforementioned nettle, and the closely related genera Laportea Gaudich. and Girardinia Gaudich., which have special stinging hairs containing formic acid on their plant bodies. The Urtica genus has leaves that grow opposite each other, while the Laportea and Girardinia genus have leaves that grow alternately. The young stems and leaves of many species of the Urtica and Girardinia genus are edible, and in Europe, the common stinging nettles U. dioica L., U. pilulifera L., and U. urens L. were used as famine relief plants. The European U. cannabina L. was also cultivated as a fiber plant because of the strong fiber of its stem. The term urticaria was given to the condition because the symptoms resemble the blisters caused by the stinging hairs of the nettle family (nettle). [Hiroshi Yonekura December 13, 2019] Cultural historyThe prickles on the stems and leaves are extremely painful, but British nettle U. pilulifera L. (English name: Roman nettle) is said to have spread when the Roman Empire invaded Britain, where Roman soldiers who had heard about the severe cold there brought it with them to stimulate their numb hands. In Britain, young shoots were boiled or added to porridge and eaten, and the leaves were boiled and used as a folk remedy for hives and rheumatism. Young leaves are also eaten in Japan. In Europe from ancient times to the Middle Ages, the fibers from the stems were used to make clothing and ropes, the stems and leaves were used to make hay for livestock, and the seeds were used as fodder. Ignoring these practical aspects, the flower's meaning is said to be "cruelty, slander, malice, or breaking my heart." [Hiroshi Yuasa December 13, 2019] [References] | | | | | |©Kanzo Otawa "> Nettle (specimen drawing) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
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イラクサ科（APG分類：イラクサ科）の多年草。植物体全体に特殊な刺毛があり、触れると激しい痛みを感じるのでこの名（イラとは痛みを伴う刺激のこと）がある。茎は固まって出て、高さ40～120センチメートル、繊維質である。葉は長い柄(え)があって対生し、卵円形で長さは柄を除き4～12センチメートル。縁(へり)に粗い重鋸歯(きょし)がある。葉腋(ようえき)には2枚の卵形の托葉(たくよう)があるが、これは本来4枚のものが互いにくっついたものである。花序は葉腋に2本（つまり節(ふし)ごとに4本）ずつ出て穂状。雌雄の別があり、雄花序が茎の中部、雌花序が上部の葉腋につく。本州から九州の低山地に生育し、国外では朝鮮半島と中国大陸南西部に分布する。中国名は咬人蕁麻。本種は中国大陸と台湾に産する蕁麻(じんま)（タイワンイラクサ）U. fissa E.Pritzelにごく近縁で、かつては混同された。 ［米倉浩司 2019年12月13日］ 総称名としてのイラクサ前記のイラクサを含め、イラクサ属Urtica L.、およびそれに近縁で、中にギ酸を含む特殊な刺毛を植物体に生じる、ムカゴイラクサ属Laportea Gaudich.やオニイラクサ属Girardinia Gaudich.の草本の総称。イラクサ属は葉が対生するが、ムカゴイラクサ属やオニイラクサ属は葉が互生する。イラクサ属やムカゴイラクサ属では多くの種の若い茎葉が食用とされ、ヨーロッパではセイヨウイラクサU. dioica L.、U. pilulifera L.やU. urens L.などが飢饉(ききん)の際に救荒植物として利用された。また茎の繊維が強いためにヨーロッパ産のU. cannabina L.は繊維植物として栽培されることもあった。なお、じんま疹という語は、その症状が、イラクサの仲間（蕁麻）の刺毛に刺されてできた火ぶくれに外見的に似ることからついたものである。 ［米倉浩司 2019年12月13日］ 文化史茎葉の刺(とげ)は激しい痛みを伴うが、イギリスのイラクサU. pilulifera L.（英名はRoman nettle）は、ローマ帝国が侵略したおりに、イギリスの寒さがひどいと聞いたローマ兵が寒さでかじかんだ手を刺激させるのに持ち込んだことから広がったという。イギリスでは若芽はゆでたり粥(かゆ)に入れたりして食べ、葉は煎(せん)じてじんま疹やリウマチの民間薬に使った。日本でも若葉は食用にされる。 ヨーロッパでは古代から中世にかけて、茎からとった繊維で衣料やロープをつくったり、茎葉を家畜の干し草に、また種子を飼料にした。このような実用面を無視して、花ことばは「残酷、中傷、悪意、あるいは私の心を破る」とされている。 ［湯浅浩史 2019年12月13日］ [参照項目] | | | | | |©大多和鐘三"> イラクサ〔標本画〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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