Kharkov (English spelling) Харьков/Har'kov

Japanese: ハリコフ - はりこふ(英語表記)Харьков/Har'kov
Kharkov (English spelling) Харьков/Har'kov

The capital of Kharkiv Oblast in northeastern Ukraine. Population 1.47 million (2001). The city spreads out over hills, river terraces, and alluvial lowlands near the confluence of three rivers (all tributaries of the Donets River) that flow south from the central Russian plateau: the Kharkiv River, the Lopany River, and the Udy River. It is a key transportation point in eastern Ukraine, with railways and roads extending to eight directions, including Moscow, Donbass, and the North Caucasus, and a domestic airport. The city was founded in 1656 as a stronghold against horse-riding tribes waiting for an opportunity to attack from the steppes in the south and southeast, and developed with the construction of railways and factories during the industrialization of southern Russia from 1860 to 1890. It was the capital of Ukraine from December 1917, just after the establishment of the Soviet regime, until July 1934.

It is one of the major heavy industrial cities in Ukraine, and is home to the world-famous Tractor Factory (which produces a variety of garden tractors), the Hammer and Sickle Engine Factory, as well as factories in a wide range of sectors, including large electrical machinery, turbines, machine tools, mining and forestry machinery, diesel locomotives, ball bearings, bicycles, automation control systems, pharmaceuticals, synthetic resins, leather, tricot products, and food (flour milling, meat processing, wine brewing), but as a whole it specializes in metal processing and machine assembly. It is also the academic and cultural center of eastern Ukraine, with two major cathedrals in the city center, Pokrovsky Cathedral (built in the 17th century) and Uspensky Cathedral (built in the 18th century), and the palace of Empress Catherine (built in the 18th century, now part of the National Industrial Research Institute). In addition to the National University (founded in 1805), there are research institutes, universities, and vocational schools in mechanical engineering, aviation, highways, mining, automatic control, industrial economics, and medicine, as well as an opera and ballet theater and a Ukrainian folk and puppet theater. A stuffed Przewalski's horse is on display at the Kharkiv University Museum. The subway has been running since 1957, and the downtown area, Sumska Street, and the square around Radjanska (Sovetskaya) subway station in the city center are always bustling with people.

[Kazuo Watanabe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ウクライナ北東部、ハリコフ州の州都。人口147万(2001)。中央ロシア台地から南に流れるハリコフ川、ロパニ川、ウディ川の3河川(すべてドネツ川の支流)の合流点付近の丘陵、河岸段丘、沖積低地に市街が広がる。ウクライナ東部の交通上の要地で、モスクワ、ドンバス、北カフカスなど8方面へ鉄道や自動車道路を放射するほか、国内線の空港が置かれている。市は1656年、南方、南東方のステップ地帯から攻撃の機をうかがう騎馬民族に対する砦(とりで)として発足、1860~90年のロシア南部工業化時代には鉄道敷設と工場建設で発展。ソビエト政権樹立直後の1917年12月から34年7月までウクライナの首都であった。

 ウクライナの主要な重工業都市の一つで、世界的に著名なトラクター工場(さまざまなガーデントラクターを集中的に生産)、「鎌(かま)と槌(つち)」発動機工場のほか、大型電気機械、タービン、工作機械、鉱山・林業用機械、ディーゼル機関車、ボールベアリング、自転車、オートメーション制御システム、医薬品、合成樹脂、皮革、トリコット製品、食品(製粉、食肉加工、ぶどう酒醸造)など、広範な部門の工場が集中するが、全体として金属加工と機械組立てに特化(専門化)している。ウクライナ東部の学術・文化の中心地でもあり、都心にポクロフスキー寺院(17世紀建立)、ウスペンスキー寺院(18世紀建立)の二大寺院があり、女帝エカチェリーナの宮殿(18世紀建築、現在、国立工業研究所の一部分)などが残されている。国立大学(1805創立)のほか、機械工学、航空、高速道路、鉱山、自動制御、工業経済、医学などの研究所、大学、専門学校があり、オペラ・バレエ劇場、ウクライナ民族・人形劇場などもある。ハリコフ大学付属博物館にはプシバルスキーウマの剥製(はくせい)が展示されている。1957年から地下鉄が通じ、繁華街スムスカ街、市の中心ラジャンスカ(ロシア名ソビエツカヤ)地下鉄駅周辺広場などは人通りが絶えない。

[渡辺一夫]

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