Rouen - Rouen (English spelling)

Japanese: ルーアン - るーあん（英語表記）Rouen

It is the capital of the Seine-Maritime department in northwestern France. It is located 123 km northwest of Paris, and the Seine River runs through the city. It is the old central city of the Normandy region. It has a population of 106,592 (1999). It has a long history dating back to Roman times, and was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during World War II, but many historical buildings have been preserved, including Gothic architecture such as Notre Dame Cathedral, Saint-Ouen Church, Saint-Maclou Church, the clock tower, and the courthouse. It has a university, the Court of Appeal, and the episcopal church, and its main industry is the tertiary industry, making it a commercial and tourist center. Although it is a river port, it has the fourth largest commercial port in France, and together with Le Havre, located at the mouth of the Seine 88 km to the west, it forms a major industrial area, with textile, steel, chemical, food, and oil industries also developing. Rouen weaving is a specialty of this city.

[Nobuo Takahashi]

history

During the Celtic period, it was the base of the Veliocassians and was called Ratomagus or Ratumagus. It came under Roman rule from the mid-1st century BC, and in the 3rd century AD, it became a Christian bishopric and a base for northern trade. During the Frankish period, it was the residence of a local count, but was burned by the invading Normans in 841, and became the capital of the Duchy of Normandy, which was established in 911 by the Concordat of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. It regained its cultural and economic vitality, became a base for domestic and foreign trade, and major churches such as the Church of Saint-Ouen were built. In the 12th century, it was declared a commune (autonomous city), the Etablissement de Rouen was established, and the city expanded to the extent that new walls were built to surround it. In the 13th century, it was conquered by King Philip II of France, but was guaranteed a privileged city of the merchant oligarchy, and trade with Paris became closer, a naval arsenal was established, and ties with the Hanseatic cities deepened, leading to economic prosperity. However, during the Hundred Years' War in the 14th and 15th centuries, the city was hit by the plague, and its trade privileges were lost, leading to a decline. It was also the site of Joan of Arc's trial and execution (1431). In the 16th century, in response to the strengthening of royal power, the former Normandy Court became the Parlement de Paris of Rouen (1515), and it became a regional base city for the monarchy. Industries of hand weaving, flax cloth, and paper manufacturing emerged, and trade with Western Europe recovered. In the 18th century, it played a part in the triangular trade linking Africa and the Antilles.

[Haruo Chiba]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランス北西部、セーヌ・マリティーム県の県都。パリの北西123キロメートルに位置し、セーヌ川が市内を貫流する。ノルマンディー地方の古くからの中心都市。人口10万6592（1999）。ローマ時代からの歴史の古い町で、第二次世界大戦中は連合軍の爆撃で甚大な被害を受けたが、ノートル・ダム寺院、サントゥアン教会、サン・マクルー教会、時計塔、裁判所などのゴシック建築のほか、多くの歴史的建造物が保存されている。大学、控訴院、司教座教会などがあり、第三次産業が主産業で、商業・観光の中心地。河港ながらフランス第4位の商港を有し、西88キロメートルのセーヌ河口に位置するル・アーブルとともに一大工業地帯を形成し、繊維、鉄鋼、化学、食品、石油工業も発達している。ルーアン織はこの町の特産物。

［高橋伸夫］

歴史

ケルト時代、ウェリオカッセース人の根拠地で、ラトマグスRatomagus, Ratumagusとよばれた。紀元前1世紀中期以来ローマの支配下に入り、紀元後3世紀にはキリスト教の司教座が置かれ、また北方交易の拠点となった。フランク時代にはその地方伯居住地となったが、841年侵攻したノルマン人に焼かれ、911年サン・クレール・シュール・エプト協約によって成立したノルマンディー公国の首都となった。文化的・経済的活力を取り戻して内外交易の拠点となり、サントゥアン教会など主要な寺院も建立された。12世紀にはコミューヌ（自治都市）を宣言し、「ルーアン市憲章」Etablissement de Rouenを定め、拡大した街を囲む新たな城壁が築造されるほど発展した。13世紀にフランス王フィリップ2世に征服されたが、商人寡頭政の特権都市として保障され、パリとの交易はいっそう密接になり、海軍工廠(こうしょう)も創設され、ハンザ諸都市との関連も深くなり経済的繁栄がもたらされた。しかし、14、15世紀の百年戦争期には、ペストの流行も加わり、その交易上の特権も喪失して衰退した。また、ジャンヌ・ダルク裁判と処刑（1431）の場となった。16世紀に入ると、王権の強化に応じ旧ノルマンディー公法廷がルーアン高等法院となり（1515）、王政の地方拠点都市となった。手織、亜麻(あま)布、製紙工業がおこり、西欧交易も回復した。18世紀にはアフリカとアンティル諸島を結ぶ三角貿易の一角を担った。

［千葉治男］

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