Pauli's principle

Japanese: パウリの原理 - ぱうりのげんり(英語表記)Pauli's principle
Pauli's principle

This principle states that two or more electrons or protons cannot be in the same state at the same time. It is also called the forbidden principle, exclusion principle, or law of exclusion. The state here refers to the quantum state of atoms, molecules, atomic nuclei, and the particles that make them up. A set of integers or half integers (an integer plus 1/2) is often used to represent a quantum state. Pauli discovered this principle in 1924, proposing that an atom cannot have more than one electron with a given n , h , j , and m value. The Pauli principle shows that the spin of fermions, such as protons and μ (mu) mesons, also holds for half-integer particles, in addition to electrons, based on the theory of relativity and the assumption of the existence of an energy minimum.

The quantum state of two fermions is defined as the state function ( x1 , x2 ) . Here , x1 and x2 are the coordinates of each particle. If the state function is not zero even when x1 and x2 are equal , then the two particles are in the same quantum state, which violates the Pauli principle. In other words,

When the state function is divided into two terms, the first term becomes zero. Therefore, the state function must change sign with respect to the exchange of coordinates, i.e., be antisymmetric. In general, the state function of a fermion system is antisymmetric with respect to the exchange of dynamical variables such as the spin and coordinates of any two pairs of particles. This condition results in strong restrictions on the state of a fermion system.

[Hajime Tanaka]

[Reference] | Pauli

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

2個以上の電子や陽子は同じ状態を同時にとることができないとする原理で、禁制原理、排他原理または排他律ともいう。ここでいう状態とは、原子、分子、原子核やこれらを構成する粒子のとる量子的状態のことである。量子的状態を表すには、一組みの整数あるいは半整数(整数プラス1/2)を用いることが多い。パウリは1924年この原理を発見し、指定したn,h,j,mの値をもつ電子は原子内に1個より多く存在することができないことを提唱した。パウリの原理においては、電子のほか、フェルミ粒子すなわち陽子やμ(ミュー)中間子などのスピンが、半整数の粒子に対しても成り立つことが、相対性理論とエネルギー最低値存在の仮定のもとに示されている。

 2個のフェルミ粒子の量子的状態を状態関数(x1,x2)とする。ここでx1x2はそれぞれの粒子の座標とする。x1x2とが等しいときにも状態関数がゼロでないとすれば、2粒子は同じ量子的状態をとっていることとなって、パウリの原理に反する。いいかえれば、を

の二つの項に分けたとき前の項がゼロとなる。したがって状態関数は座標の交換に対して符号を変える、すなわち反対称でなければならない。一般にフェルミ粒子の系の状態関数は、任意の二組みの粒子のスピンや座標などの力学変数の交換に対して反対称になっている。この条件はフェルミ粒子の系の状態に強い制限を課す結果となる。

[田中 一]

[参照項目] | パウリ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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