Permanent Court of Arbitration

Japanese: 常設仲裁裁判所 - じょうせつちゅうさいさいばんしょ(英語表記)Permanent Court of Arbitration
Permanent Court of Arbitration

The abbreviation PCA. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes established the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which has jurisdiction over arbitration cases between countries. The institution of the Court is the collective name of (1) the list of persons entered as judges of the Court, (2) the International Bureau, and (3) the Permanent Council. Each contracting party appoints "not more than four persons of good moral standing and renowned for their expertise in questions of international law, who are willing to accept the duties of arbitrators" (national panels of judges), and these appointees are entered as judges of the Court and notified to each contracting party through the Secretariat. The International Bureau is the office of the Court, and mediates correspondence regarding the sessions of the Court, keeps records, and handles all business. The Permanent Council is composed of the diplomatic representatives of the contracting parties in the Netherlands and the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs, and supervises the International Bureau. The name "Permanent Court of Arbitration" is misleading, giving the impression that the court is permanent, but in reality, it merely has a permanent list of judges to facilitate the selection of one or more judges to comprise the arbitral tribunal that will hear cases; the only permanent structures are the International Secretariat and the Council, which are auxiliary organizations. The reason why a truly permanent court of arbitration could not be created was that, as a prerequisite, it was impossible to reconcile the claims of major powers in the selection of judges with the claims of smaller countries that used national equality as a shield. The composition of the arbitral tribunal is determined by agreement between the parties, but the Hague Convention provides supplementary rules to be applied in the absence of such agreement.

[Kou Minagawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

略称PCA。1899年および1907年のハーグ国際紛争平和的処理条約は、国々の仲裁事件を管轄する常設仲裁裁判所の設置を定めた。制度としての当該裁判所は、(1)裁判所裁判官として記入された者の名簿、(2)国際事務局および(3)常設評議会の総称である。各締約国は、「国際法上ノ問題ニ堪能(たんのう)ノ名アリテ徳望高ク且(かつ)仲裁裁判官ノ任務ヲ受諾スルノ意アル者4人以下」を任命し(国別裁判官団)、このように任命された者は裁判所裁判官として名簿に記入され、事務局を介して各締約国に通告される。国際事務局は裁判所書記局にあてられ、裁判開廷に関する通信を媒介し、記録を保管し、およびいっさいの事務を処理する。常設評議会はオランダに駐箚(ちゅうさつ)する締約国の外交代表者およびオランダ外務大臣をもって組織し、国際事務局を指揮監督する。常設仲裁裁判所という名称は誤解を生じやすく、裁判所がそういうものとして常設されているような印象を与えるが、実際は、裁判をする仲裁裁判部を構成する1人または数人の裁判官の選定を容易にするための裁判官名簿が常備されているだけで、常設的なのは付属的機構である国際事務局と評議会であるにすぎない。真に常設的な仲裁裁判所がつくれなかったのは、前提問題として、裁判官選定における大国優位の主張と国家平等を盾にとる中小国の主張を調整することができなかったことによる。仲裁裁判所の構成は当事者の合意によるが、ハーグ条約はこの合意がない場合に適用される補充的規則を定めている。

[皆川 洸]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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