Swiss theoretical physicist. Born in Vienna, he was a professor at the University of Hamburg, and then at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich from 1928 until his death. During that time, he often visited the United States, and was a visiting professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. At the age of 20, he wrote a textbook on the theory of relativity, which, along with his later book on quantum mechanics, is still read today as an excellent textbook. When quantum mechanics was first established, Pauli introduced the Pauli principle (exclusion principle) and clarified that electrons are not simply mass points, but have a rotating property (spin). He created the theory of the hyperfine structure of spectral lines, and built the foundations of atomic, molecular, and solid-state physics. He also conducted many important studies in the establishment of quantum field theory, and in 1928, together with Heisenberg, established the current form of quantum field theory. This theory gives each point in space a degree of field freedom, starts from the Lagrangian formalism, and applies the methods of quantum mechanics. Quantum field theory is currently the most advanced theory applied in particle theory and condensed matter theory, and it beautifully describes the creation and annihilation of elementary particles, but its success as well as the difficulties inherent to this theory were all already evident in the original formulations of Heisenberg and Pauli. Also, at the end of the 1920s, it was said that the law of conservation of energy did not hold in the beta decay of atomic nuclei, which became a major problem, but in 1931 Pauli proposed that the difficulty could be solved if a particle with half spin, zero mass and zero charge (neutrino) existed. This paved the way for the development of the theory of beta decay and, ultimately, the theory of elementary particles as we know it today. Direct experimental proof of the existence of the neutrino was given much later. He emphasized the importance of symmetry and invariance in the laws of nature and theories of physics, and in particular clarified the general properties of quantum field theory that satisfy the requirements of the theory of relativity. In other words, he contributed to proving that quantum field theory is invariant when the three following are simultaneously performed: inversion of the space axis, inversion of the time axis, and particle-antiparticle transformation, based on the invariance under Lorentz transformations. He also proved that particles with half-integer spin follow Fermi-Dirac statistics, and particles with integer spin follow Bose-Einstein statistics. These theorems played an important role in the theorization of the non-conservation of parity and asymmetric phenomena with respect to time reversal in weak interactions. In 1945, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the Pauli principle. [Shigeru Machida] [References] | |Theory | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
スイスの理論物理学者。ウィーンに生まれ、ハンブルク大学教授ののち、1928年から死ぬまでチューリヒ工科大学の教授であった。その間、しばしばアメリカに行き、プリンストン高等研究所の客員教授などであった。20歳で相対性理論の教科書を著し、これは、その後書かれた量子力学の本とともに、現在でも優れた教科書として読まれている。 量子力学が建設されたころ、パウリの原理(排他律)を導入して、電子が単なる質点でなく、自転のような性質(スピン)をもつことを明らかにして、スペクトル線の超微細構造の理論をつくり、原子・分子・固体物理学の基礎を築いた。場の量子論の建設においても重要な多くの研究をし、1928年にハイゼンベルクとともに、現在の場の量子論の形式を確立した。これは、空間の各点に場の自由度を与え、ラグランジュ形式から出発して、量子力学の方法を適用したものである。場の量子論は素粒子論および物性理論で適用される、現在ではもっとも高度の理論であって、素粒子の発生・消滅などをみごとに記述するものであるが、その成功も、またこの理論に特有の困難も、すべてハイゼンベルクとパウリの初めの定式にすでに現れている。 また、1920年代の終わりごろ、原子核のβ(ベータ)崩壊ではエネルギー保存則が成立しないといわれ大きな問題となったが、パウリは1931年に、スピン2分の1、質量ゼロ、荷電ゼロの粒子(ニュートリノ)が存在するとすれば困難は解決されることを提唱した。これがβ崩壊の理論、ひいては現在のような素粒子論の発展する道を開いた。ニュートリノの存在の直接的な実験的証明はずっとのちになって与えられた。 自然法則、物理学の理論における対称と不変性の重要さを強調し、とくに相対性理論の要求を満たす場の量子論の一般的性質を明らかにした。すなわち、ローレンツ変換に対する不変性から、空間軸の反転、時間軸の反転および粒子‐反粒子変換の三つを同時に行ったとき、場の量子論が不変であることの証明に寄与し、また、スピンが半整数の粒子はフェルミ‐ディラックの統計に、整数の粒子はボース‐アインシュタインの統計に従うことを証明した。これらの定理は、弱い相互作用におけるパリティの非保存および時間反転について非対称な現象がみつかった際、その理論化に重要な役割を果たした。1945年にパウリの原理の発見によりノーベル物理学賞を受けた。 [町田 茂] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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