Hauptmann, Gerhart Johann Robert

Japanese: ハウプトマン(英語表記)Hauptmann, Gerhart Johann Robert
Hauptmann, Gerhart Johann Robert
Born: November 15, 1862 in Obersalzbrunn
[Died] June 6, 1946. Agnethendorf was a German playwright, novelist, and poet. He was the younger brother of C. Hauptmann. He was one of Germany's leading playwrights, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1912. Influenced by the "complete naturalism" advocated by A. Holz and J. Schraff, he published his first play, Vor Sonnenaufgang (Before Sunrise), in 1889, and became an overnight leader in naturalist theater. He went on to dominate the theater scene with Einsame Menschen (1891), Die Weber (1892), and Der Biberpelz (1893), and had a major influence on Japanese naturalist literature. However, after the dreamlike Hanneles Himmelfahrt (93), his style gradually shifted to a more romantic and symbolic one, producing works such as Die versunkene Glocke (96), Und Pippa tanzt! (1906), Vor Sonnenuntergang (32), the novel Der Narr in Christo Emanuel Quint (10), the epic poem Till Eulenspiegel (27), and the great work Atriden-Tetralogie (41-48), based on Greek tragedy.

Hauptmann
Hauptman, Herbert A.

Born: February 14, 1917, New York, New York
[Died] October 23, 2011. Born in Buffalo, New York. American mathematician and crystallographer. Full name Herbert Aaron Hauptman. Graduated from City College of New York in 1937, and received his master's degree from Columbia University in 1939. After World War II, he joined the Naval Research Laboratory and received his doctorate from the University of Maryland in 1955. In 1970, he became a professor of biophysics at the State University of New York. At the Naval Research Laboratory, together with his classmate from City College of New York, Jerome Carle, he mathematically analyzed diffraction images of X-rays aimed at crystals, and in 1949 established a method for determining the molecular structure of crystals. This method helped to elucidate the molecular structures of vitamins, hormones, and other substances. In 1985, he and Carle shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Hauptmann
Hauptmann, Carl

Born: May 11, 1858 in Obersalzbrunn
[Died] February 4, 1921. Schreiberhau German novelist and playwright. Older brother of G. Hauptmann. Born the son of an innkeeper, he studied natural sciences and philosophy in Jena and Zurich. Like his brother, he started out with naturalism, then rapidly changed his style to impressionism and expressionism. His main works include the novels Mathilde (1902), Einhart der Lächler (07), and The Poor Broommakers (Die armseligen Besenbinder (13)).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1862.11.15. オーバーザルツブルン
[没]1946.6.6. アグネーテンドルフ
ドイツの劇作家,小説家,詩人。 C.ハウプトマンの弟。ドイツを代表する劇作家の一人で,1912年ノーベル文学賞受賞。 A.ホルツと J.シュラーフの提唱する「徹底自然主義」の影響のもとに,1889年処女戯曲『日の出前』 Vor Sonnenaufgangを発表,一夜にして自然主義演劇の旗手となった。続いて『寂しき人々』 Einsame Menschen (1891) ,『織り工』 Die Weber (92),『海狸 (ビーバー) の毛皮』 Der Biberpelz (93) などによって劇壇に君臨,日本の自然主義文学にも大きな影響を与えた。しかし夢幻的な『ハンネレの昇天』 Hanneles Himmelfahrt (93) を境に,次第にロマン的象徴的な作風に変り,『沈鐘』 Die versunkene Glocke (96) ,『そしてピッパは踊る』 Und Pippa tanzt! (1906) ,『日没前』 Vor Sonnenuntergang (32) ,小説『キリスト狂エマヌエル・クウィント』 Der Narr in Christo Emanuel Quint (10) ,叙事詩『ティル・オイレンシュピーゲル』 Till Eulenspiegel (27) ,ギリシア悲劇をもとにした大作『アトレウス4部作』 Atriden-Tetralogie (41~48) などを残した。

ハウプトマン
Hauptman, Herbert A.

[生]1917.2.14. ニューヨーク,ニューヨーク
[没]2011.10.23. ニューヨーク,バッファロー
アメリカ合衆国の数学者,結晶学者。フルネーム Herbert Aaron Hauptman。1937年ニューヨーク・シティ・カレッジを卒業,1939年コロンビア大学で修士号を取得。第2次世界大戦後,海軍研究所に入り,1955年メリーランド大学で博士号を取得。1970年にニューヨーク州立大学の生物物理学の教授に就任した。海軍研究所でニューヨーク・シティ・カレッジの同級生ジェローム・カールとともに,結晶にあてた X線の回折写真を数学的に解析し,1949年に結晶の分子構造を決定する方法を確立。この手法によってビタミンやホルモンなどの分子構造が解明された。1985年,カールとともにノーベル化学賞を受賞した。

ハウプトマン
Hauptmann, Carl

[生]1858.5.11. オーバーザルツブルン
[没]1921.2.4. シュライバーハウ
ドイツの小説家,劇作家。 G.ハウプトマンの兄。旅館主の息子に生れ,イェナ,チューリヒに自然科学と哲学を学ぶ。弟と同じように自然主義から出発し,印象主義,表現主義とめまぐるしく作風を変えた。小説『マチルデ』 Mathilde (1902),『ほほえむアインハルト』 Einhart der Lächler (07) ,『哀れなほうき職人』 Die armseligen Besenbinder (13) が主作品。

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