Yamabushi Kagura - Yamabushi Kagura

Japanese: 山伏神楽 - やまぶしかぐら
Yamabushi Kagura - Yamabushi Kagura

Kagura was brought to Japan by mountain ascetics (Shugendo practitioners). It is widely performed in Aomori, Iwate, Akita, and Yamagata prefectures in the Tohoku region. A document about Kagura from 1488 (Chokyo 2) has been passed down in Otsugunai Kagura in Iwate Prefecture, and its history is thought to date back to before the Muromachi period. As it has a background in Shugendo, it is found concentrated in villages at the foot of mountains that were objects of worship, such as Kuromori, Hayachine, Chokai, and Taihei-san. Broadly speaking, it is called Yamabushi Kagura or Gongenmai on the Pacific coast, and Bangaku or Shishimai on the Sea of ​​Japan coast. It can be said that Noh dance on the Shimokita Peninsula is also of this type of Kagura. In the past, these Kagura dancers would leave the villages in November and tour the surrounding areas, performing the Gongen dance at each household's gate during the day, and performing Kagura on the stage of a private home's wooden floor at night. The tours are called Toori Kagura or Mawari Kagura, and even today, Kuromori Kagura in Iwate Prefecture performs them from January to February. The total number of performances exceeds 100, with several dozen Kyogen performances. They can be classified into ceremonial dances, Kamimai, Bandakumai (bushi dance), Onnamai, and Doukemai, but Yamabushi Kagura, as the name suggests, has strong elements of ceremonial and Kamimai, while Bandaku, as its name suggests, specializes in Bandakumai. The reason why Gongen-mai (lion dance) is the most important in both Yamabushi Kagura and Bangaku is that Gongen-sama (lion's head) is a god based on the Suijaku idea of ​​Shugendo. Nowadays, the stage is set up at shrines, inns, community centers, etc., with a curtain at the back front. The performers enter from behind the curtain and exit within the curtain. The music is based on three types of drums, flutes, and copper clappers, and sometimes wooden clappers are added. Yamabushi Kagura is a performing art that has a strong medieval atmosphere, and is said to retain vestiges of pre-established Noh to this day.

[Shigeru Takayama]

"Yamabushi Kagura and Bankaku" by Yasuji Honda (1971, Iba Shoten)

[Reference] | Lion dance | Hayachine Kagura | Bangaku

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

山伏(修験(しゅげん)者)が伝えた神楽。東北地方の青森、岩手、秋田、山形県下に広く行われている。岩手県の大償(おおつぐない)神楽には1488年(長享2)の神楽に関する文書が伝わっており、その歴史は室町時代以前にさかのぼると思われる。修験道を背景とするだけに、黒森(くろもり)、早池峰(はやちね)、鳥海(ちょうかい)、太平(たいへい)山など信仰の対象となった山の麓(ふもと)の村々にまとまった分布がみられる。大別すると太平洋側では山伏神楽あるいは権現舞(ごんげんまい)といい、日本海側では番楽(ばんがく)あるいは獅子舞(ししまい)の名でよぶ。下北(しもきた)半島の能舞(のうまい)もこの系統の神楽であるといってよい。かつてこれらの神楽は11月になると村を出て近郷近在を巡業して歩き、日中は各戸の門(かど)ごとに権現舞を舞って門打(かどう)ちをし、夜には民家の板の間を舞台に神楽を演じた。巡業を通り神楽、まわり神楽といい、いまでも岩手県の黒森神楽が1月から2月にかけてこれを行っている。演目数は全部あわせると100番を超え、狂言は数十番を数える。それらは式舞、神舞(かみまい)、番楽舞(武士舞)、女舞、道化舞(どうけまい)に分類できるが、山伏神楽は神楽というだけあって式舞や神舞の要素が強く、番楽はその名のとおり番楽舞を得意とする。山伏神楽、番楽ともに権現舞(獅子舞)を最重要としているのは、権現さま(獅子頭(ししがしら))が修験道の垂迹(すいじゃく)思想に基づく神であるからにほかならない。現在では舞台を神社、宿、公民館などに設け、正面奥に幕を張る。演者は幕の背後から登場し、また幕内に退場する。囃子(はやし)は太鼓、笛、銅拍子(どうびょうし)の3種を基本とし、これに拍子木(ひょうしぎ)が加わることもある。山伏神楽は中世的雰囲気の色濃く感じられる芸能で、とりわけ大成前の能のおもかげを今日に残すものといわれている。

[高山 茂]

『本田安次著『山伏神楽・番楽』(1971・井場書店)』

[参照項目] | 獅子舞 | 早池峰神楽 | 番楽

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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