A city in Bavaria, southeastern Germany. It is located about 70 km northeast of Nuremberg, between the Fichtelgebirge and the Franckischer Alb, on the Lotharmain River (→ Main River). It first appeared in history in 1194, and in 1248 became part of the Hohenzollern family, becoming one of the centers of Upper Franconia. After 1603, it became the residence of the Margraves of Ansbach (→ Margraviate of Ansbach-Bayreuth). All of the Margraves were patrons of the arts, and made a great contribution to the development of Baroque architecture in particular. The city reached its peak during the reign of Frederick and his wife Wilhelmina (1735-63), Frederick II's sister, and many buildings reminiscent of the city's heyday were built during this period, including the New Palace (1754) and the Opera House (1744-48, registered as a World Heritage Site in 2012). In 1791, it became part of Prussia, and in 1810 it became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria. In 1872, composer Richard Wagner began construction of the Bayreuth Festival Theater as a new type of theater for the performance of the music drama Der Ring des Nibelungen. In 1876, the new theater opened with the premiere of Der Ring des Nibelungen, which was a great success. After Wagner's death, the festival was passed down to his wife Cosima, his sons, and grandchildren, and every year in July and August, the Bayreuth Festival attracts audiences from all over the world. The festival is also important for the city's industry, and various other industries such as machinery, textiles, chemicals, and musical instruments are based here. Population: 74,818 (2003 estimate). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ドイツ南東部,バイエルン州の都市。ニュルンベルクの北東約 70km,フィヒテル山地とフレンキッシェアルプとの間,ローターマイン川(→マイン川)沿いに位置する。1194年に歴史に現れ,1248年ホーエンツォレルン家領となり,上フランケン地方の中心地の一つとなった。1603年以後は同家のアンスバハ辺境伯の居地となった(→アンスバハ=バイロイト辺境伯領)。代々の辺境伯はいずれも芸術の保護者で,特にバロック建築の発展に大きく貢献。なかでもフリードリヒとその妻でフリードリヒ2世の姉ウィルヘルミナの治下(1735~63)で市は最盛期を迎え,新宮殿(1754),オペラハウス(1744~48,2012世界遺産の文化遺産に登録)など盛時を偲ばせる多くの建物がこの時期に建設されている。1791年にはプロシア領となり,1810年にバイエルン王国の一部となった。作曲家リヒアルト・ワーグナーは 1872年,楽劇『ニーベルンゲンの指輪』上演のための新しいタイプの劇場としてバイロイト祝祭劇場の建設に着手。1876年,新劇場はこけら落としとして『ニーベルンゲンの指輪』を初演,大成功を収めた。ワーグナーの没後も祝祭は妻コジマ,息子,孫らに受け継がれ,毎年 7~8月にバイロイト音楽祭として世界中から聴衆を集めている。音楽祭は市の産業にとっても重要で,ほかに機械,繊維,化学,楽器など各種の工業も立地する。人口 7万4818(2003推計)。
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