It means something placed underneath to prevent objects or the body from directly touching the supporting surface, but it usually refers to a textile product laid on the floor of a home. Originally, they were laid on the floor for insulation and hygienic reasons, but nowadays they have a stronger decorative role. The material and shape of the rug are closely related to the climate, geography, and lifestyle of each region. Typical examples are ampelas in Southeast Asia, tatami mats in Japan, and carpets in Europe. In Japan, it is customary to sit on the floor, so mats serve the purpose of directly supporting the body. Sugatatami mats appear before the Kojiki, and various other mats appeared afterwards, but the main ones are komo, mats, and goza mats associated with Shinto, enza mats associated with Buddhism, tatami mats, shitone mats, zabuton mats, mousen mats that are associated with daily life, and dantsu mats that were created through exchanges with foreign countries. In ancient times, the floors of houses were dirt floors, and plant stems, leaves, and bark were laid out on them to use as sleeping or resting places. This style was continued even after floors were made of slats or wooden boards. This style remained in mountain villages in the Tohoku region until recent years. In the homes of the upper classes, from the ancient shinden-zukuri style to the dwellings of medieval samurai, floors were made of wooden boards, so mats were placed where people sat. The main types of mats were mats, tatami mats, round mats, and inma mats. Mats were woven from rush grass and bordered with brocade, and tatami mats were decorated with ungenberi, koraiberi, purple or yellow borders. The round cushions were made of straw, cattail, sedge, and burdock woven into a spiral shape, while the in was a square cushion with a cloth border and ornate patterns. Tatami mats were usually laid out in one area and the rest were piled up, and then laid out as needed. The word tatami is said to have come from the meaning of folding. On the other hand, most floor coverings used in Europe are rugs. This is because the lifestyle was chair-based, and they were designed to keep people warm and feel good underfoot. Carpets were originally used by nomads in Central Asia and were introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages. They quickly became popular, mainly in Western Europe, and as manufacturing technology improved and mechanized production became possible, they became widespread. Distinctive ones are still made in the Middle East today, and are considered to be of the highest quality. Although the term tapestry refers to a hand-woven item hung on the wall, in the past it referred more broadly to hand-woven textile products for interior decoration. In Japan, the lifestyle changed to chair-based lifestyle after World War II, and carpets have come into widespread use as floor coverings to replace tatami mats. [Jiro Obara] [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物や体が直接支持面に触れないように下に敷くものの意味であるが、普通には住居の床に敷く繊維製品をさす。もとは保温や衛生の立場から床に敷いたのであるが、現在では装飾的な役割のほうが強くなっている。敷物の材料、形状はそれぞれの土地の気候風土や生活様式と密接な関係をもっている。東南アジアのアンペラや日本の畳、ヨーロッパのじゅうたんなどはその代表的な例である。 日本は床に座る習慣があるので、敷物は直接体を支える役目をもつ。『古事記』以前に現れる敷物はスガタタミ(菅畳)で、その後さまざまな敷物が現れるが、おもなものは、神道(しんとう)と関係をもつ菰(こも)、莚(むしろ)、茣蓙(ござ)、仏教と関係をもつ円座(えんざ)、日常生活に結び付いた畳、茵(しとね)、座ぶとん、毛氈(もうせん)、外国との交流によってつくられただんつうなどである。 太古においては住居の床は土間であったから、植物の茎や葉、表皮などを敷いて、寝所や休息の場にしていた。こうした形式はその後、床に簀子(すのこ)や板を張るようになってからも引き継がれた。東北地方の山村などには近年までその形が残っていた。上層階級の住居では、古代の寝殿造から中世の武家の住居に至るまで、床は板敷きであったから、人の座る場所には敷物が置かれた。それらのおもなものは、莚、畳、円座、茵などであった。莚はイグサで織って錦(にしき)で縁どりしたもので、畳は周囲が繧繝縁(うんげんべり)、高麗縁(こうらいべり)、紫縁、黄縁などで飾られていた。また円座は、藁(わら)、ガマ、スゲ、イなどを渦巻形に編んだもので、茵は、布で縁どった正方形の座ぶとんに華麗な文様のついたものであった。なお畳は平時は一部に敷いて残りは積み重ねておき、必要に応じて敷き詰めるという使い方をしていた。畳というのは畳むという意味から出たことばであるという。 一方ヨーロッパで使われる敷物は、ほとんどじゅうたんである。それは生活様式が椅子(いす)式であったため、保温と足ざわりのよさを求めたものであった。じゅうたんは初めは中央アジアの遊牧民が使っていたものが、中世にヨーロッパに伝わった。その後西ヨーロッパを中心にして急速に流行し、製作技術も進んで機械生産されるようになったため広く普及した。中近東諸国では現在でも特色あるものがつくられ、品質は最高級とされている。なおタペストリーというのは壁にかける手織りのものをさすが、古くはもっと広く室内装飾用の手織りの繊維製品をさしていた。日本では第二次世界大戦以降、生活様式が椅子式に変わったため、じゅうたんは畳にかわる敷物として、広く普及している。 [小原二郎] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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