Dividend - Haito

Generally speaking, it means the distribution of assets or profits. There are two types: profit distribution and distribution under the execution law. The former refers to a portion of profits distributed to the members of a joint stock company or limited liability company at the end of the fiscal year. The latter is further classified as distribution in civil execution and distribution in bankruptcy proceedings. Both are similar in that the money obtained by liquidating the object of execution or the bankruptcy estate is distributed to many creditors according to the priority and priority of their claims and the amount of their claims. However, bankruptcy proceedings assume that there are many creditors and that the bankrupt person cannot pay the full amount of the debt, so distribution is naturally expected. In contrast, in civil execution, distribution is made when creditors compete and the seized money, sale proceeds, or management proceeds are insufficient to pay the full amount of the debt and the costs of execution (Civil Execution Law, Article 84, Paragraph 2), and the two are different in that it is not always made.

In civil execution, the persons who receive the dividend are the creditor who has the attachment, the creditor who has the enforceable original (the original of the debt title with the execution document attached) (the notable creditor) who has filed a petition for execution twice or who has requested a dividend, the creditor who does not have the enforceable original (the anonymous creditor) who has filed a petition for provisional attachment and executed it and requested a dividend, and the secured creditor who has filed a petition for execution twice or who has requested a dividend (Article 87 of the Civil Execution Law). The dividend is paid based on the details in the dividend table, but among those who have the same priority, the dividend is paid equally in proportion to the amount of the claim, regardless of the order in which the petition for execution or the request for dividend was filed (principle of equality). The same applies to the voluntary auction, which is a procedure for the execution of secured rights. In bankruptcy proceedings, the dividend is paid based on the dividend table after a credit investigation of the reported claims, and in that case, the dividend is paid in proportion to the amount of the claim according to the priority of the reported claims (Article 193 and following of the Bankruptcy Law).

[Yoshinobu Homma]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

一般的には、財産や利益の分配を意味する。これには利益配当と執行法上の配当との2種がある。前者は、株式会社や有限会社の社員に決算期において分配される利益の一部分をいう。後者は、さらに、民事執行における配当と破産手続における配当に分類される。執行の目的物あるいは破産財団を換価して得られた金銭を、多数の債権者にその債権の優劣・順位および債権額に応じて分配する点では、この両者は共通している。しかし破産手続は、債権者が多数存在し、破産者が債務の全額を支払えないことを前提とするから、当然に配当を予想している。これに対し、民事執行においては、債権者が競合し、差押金銭、売却金、あるいは管理収益が債務の全額および執行の費用を弁済するのに不足するときに配当が行われる（民事執行法84条2項）のであって、つねに行われるとは限らない点で両者は異なる。

　民事執行において配当にあずかる者は、差押債権者、執行力ある正本（執行文の付された債務名義の正本）を有する債権者（有名義債権者）で二重の執行申立てをした者または配当要求をした者、執行力ある正本を有しない（無名義債権者）が仮差押えの申立てをしてこれの執行をし配当要求をした者、および二重の執行申立てまたは配当要求をした担保権者である（民事執行法87条）。配当は配当表の記載に基づき行われるが、配当の順位が同じ者の間では、執行申立て・配当要求の先後にかかわらず、債権額に比例して案分で平等に行われる（平等主義）。なお、担保権実行手続たる任意競売についても、右とほぼ同様である。破産手続においては、届出債権についての債権調査を経た配当表に基づき、配当が行われるが、その場合に、届出債権の順位に応じ順次、債権額に応じて案分して行われる（破産法193条以下）。

［本間義信］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例