Ultra-nationalism

Japanese: 超国家主義 - ちょうこっかしゅぎ(英語表記)ultra-nationalism
Ultra-nationalism

A reactionary state and political ideology in which nationalism (national consciousness, ethnic consciousness, national consciousness) aiming at the development of one's own country is pushed to an extreme form in modern nation-states, combining nationalism, militarism, and aggressionism. It denies liberalism, democracy, socialism, pacifism, and internationalism. Historically, typical examples of this state ideology are seen in Germany under the Nazi regime and Japan during the Fifteen Years' War.

A nation-state is a political society formed on the basis of one or more ethnic groups that share a common language, culture, history, and traditions, and aims to govern all its citizens with one power and one law and to implement democratic political management in order to ensure the safety of the people's lives, freedom, and property internally and to prevent invasion by foreign enemies externally. During the maintenance and development of such nation-states, two paths were constantly crossed: to prioritize national integration and first expand and strengthen national power, or to seek economic prosperity and stability of the nation while respecting the human rights and freedom of the people. Japan and Germany can be said to have taken the former path, while the UK, France, and the US took the latter.

For example, in Japan, after the establishment of the Meiji Constitution, the government sought to further expand national power as the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars went by, citing the harsh international situation. In response, people like Kugaku Katsunan and Taguchi Ukichi defended liberalism and democracy, and advocated people-firstism in opposition to the government's state-firstism. Katsunan and Ukichi were also critical of the bold Westernization that followed the Meiji Restoration, and strongly advocated Japan's independence and self-reliance in the international community, but opposed the national ideology that preached the absolute superiority of the state over the individual. Thus, within nationalism there exist two ideological trends: statism and nationalism. After the Manchurian Incident, the former statism became extreme and ultra-nationalism in Japan, under the pretext of "for the sake of peace in the East," and it waged wars of aggression against Asian countries under the banners of "Hakko Ichiu" and "the superiority of the Japanese people." It can be said that the Nazi regime's ultra-nationalistic actions led to World War II, with its preaching of "purity of blood," "blood and soil," and "superiority of the Germanic people."

[Hiroshi Tanaka]

"Modern Japan and Liberalism" by Hiroshi Tanaka (1993, Iwanami Shoten)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

近代国民国家において、自国の発展を志向するナショナリズム(国家意識・民族意識・国民意識)が極端な形にまで推し進められ、国家至上主義・軍国主義・侵略主義が結合した反動的国家・政治思想。自由主義・民主主義・社会主義・平和主義・国際主義を否定する。歴史的には、ナチ政権下のドイツ、十五年戦争下の日本にみられる国家思想がその典型例である。

 そもそも国民国家は、言語・文化・歴史・伝統などを共通のものとして有する一民族あるいは複数以上の民族を基盤に形成され、対内的には、国民の生命・自由・財産の安全を確保し、対外的には外敵からの侵略を防止するために、一つの権力、一つの法律によって全国民を統治し、民主的な政治運営を図ることを目ざした政治社会である。この際、こうした国民国家の維持・発展途上において、国家的統合を優先させてまず国家権力の拡大強化を図るか、国民の人権や自由を尊重しつつ経済的繁栄を求めて国家の安定を図るか、という二つの路線が絶えず交錯した。日本・ドイツは前者の、イギリス・フランス・アメリカなどは後者の路線をとったものといえよう。

 たとえば、日本では、明治憲法体制成立後、日清(にっしん)・日露戦争を経過するなかで、政府は厳しい国際状勢を理由にますます国家権力の拡大を図り、それに対して、陸羯南(くがかつなん)や田口卯吉(うきち)のような人々は、自由主義・民主主義を擁護して、政府の国家優先主義に対して、国民優先主義を唱えた。羯南や卯吉も、明治維新以後のとうとうたる欧化主義には批判的であり、国際社会における日本の自立・独立を強く主張したが、国家の個人に対する絶対的優位を説く国家思想には反対した。したがって、ナショナリズムのなかにも、国家主義と国民主義という二つの思想潮流が存在し、満州事変以後の日本は、「東洋平和のため」という理由の下に、前者の国家主義が極端化して超国家主義となり、「八紘一宇(はっこういちう)」「日本民族の優越性」を旗印にアジア諸国への侵略戦争を行ったのである。ナチ政権が、「血の純潔」「血と大地」「ゲルマン民族の優越性」を掲げて、第二次世界大戦を引き起こしたのも超国家主義的行動によるものであったといえよう。

[田中 浩]

『田中浩著『近代日本と自由主義』(1993・岩波書店)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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