A language that arose naturally and has been spoken and used since ancient times, such as Japanese and English, is called a "natural language," while a language that has been consciously created by a specific individual or group is called an "artificial language." Languages created with the aim of becoming an international language, such as Esperanto, are examples of artificial languages, but there are many other such languages. The system of logical symbols is also an example of an artificial language that was conceived long ago and realized from the end of the 19th century to the 20th century. More recently, various machine languages and high-level programming languages for operating computers have been developed, and these are also examples of artificial languages. In philosophy, there are philosophers who claim that "if we describe and analyze problems based on natural language, the discussion will be inaccurate, so we must create an artificial language for philosophy," and they are said to belong to the artificial linguistics school. Leibniz already had a similar idea, but Russell is famous for enthusiastically advocating this claim, regarding the system of logical symbols as an artificial language for philosophy. Some philosophers argue under the assumption of an ideal artificial language that has not yet been created in reality. Criticizing the somewhat hasty adoption of artificial languages by logical positivists in the 1930s, the everyday linguistics school arose in the UK and the US in the 1950s and later, which advocated using only natural language descriptions. However, the use of many newly created symbols in mathematics and science at least partially supports the fact that there are situations in which it is difficult to communicate without using artificial languages. [Yoshida Natsuhiko] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
日本語や英語のように、自然に発生し、昔から話され使われてきたことばを「自然言語」といい、これに対し、特定の個人ないしグループが意識的につくったことばを「人工言語」という。エスペラントのように国際語であることを目ざしてつくられたことばは人工言語の例になるが、このようなことばはほかにも何種類もある。また、論理記号の体系も、かなり昔から構想され、19世紀末から20世紀にかけて実現した人工言語の例である。さらに最近では、コンピュータを操作するためのさまざまな機械語、プログラミング用高級言語が開発されているが、これも人工言語の例になる。 哲学的には、「自然言語に即して問題の記述、分析を行うと議論が不正確になるので、哲学用に人工言語をつくらなくてはならない」と主張する哲学者がいて、彼らは人工言語学派に属するといわれる。ライプニッツにすでにこの主張に類する考え方があるが、ラッセルが、論理記号の体系をこの哲学用の人工言語だとして、この主張を熱心に唱えたので有名である。なかには、現実にはまだできあがっていない、理想のなかの人工言語を想定して議論を行う哲学者もいる。1930年代の論理実証主義者によるやや性急な人工言語の取り込みを批判して、50年代以降、自然言語による記述だけを用いようとする日常言語学派が、イギリスやアメリカにおこった。しかし数学や科学などで新しくつくった記号を多く用いるのは、人工言語を用いないと話が通じにくい局面があるという事実を、少なくとも部分的に裏書きしているといえよう。 [吉田夏彦] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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