Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis

Japanese: ギルマン(英語表記)Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis
Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis
Born January 11, 1924 in Dijon, France, he is an American physiologist. After studying at universities in Dijon and Lyon, France, and Montreal, Canada, he taught at Baylor College of Medicine in the United States from 1953 to 1970. During this time, he served as vice-chairman of the Experimental Endocrinology Department at the Collège de France from 1960 to 1963. He obtained American citizenship in 1963. In 1970, he became a professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, and in 1971, he also served as a professor at the School of Medicine at the University of California, San Diego. At Baylor College of Medicine, he attempted to prove the hypothesis of British anatomist GW Harris, demonstrating that hormones secreted from the hypothalamus communicate with the pituitary gland and are involved in regulating hormone secretion from the pituitary gland. He then worked on the isolation and synthesis of hypothalamic hormones, and in 1969, together with Andrew V. Schally, succeeded in isolating and identifying thyrotropin-releasing factor, which regulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin). In 1973, he succeeded in discovering somatostatin, which was expected to be a treatment for diabetes and digestive ulcers. In 1977, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with Rosaline S. Yarrow and Schally.

Gilman
Gilman, Alfred Goodman

Born: July 1, 1941 in New Haven, Connecticut
[Died] December 23, 2015. Pharmacologist from Dallas, Texas. After graduating from Yale University in 1962, he studied at Case Western Reserve University and obtained his PhD in 1969. He worked at the National Institutes of Health from 1969 to 1971 and at the University of Virginia from 1971 to 1981, and was the Dean of the School of Pharmacy at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in 1981. He developed the theory proposed by Martin Rodbell in the 1960s that G proteins act as a relay mechanism to transmit information from receptors to enzymes, and in the 1970s, he demonstrated the involvement of G proteins in intracellular signaling in experiments using lymphocytes lacking the G protein gene in the cell membrane. He subsequently isolated and purified many G proteins, identified their structures, and elucidated the mechanism of intracellular signaling from cell membrane receptors via G proteins. This research has made a significant contribution to elucidating many diseases, such as cholera and cancer, which are related to G protein abnormalities. For his achievements, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1994, along with Rodbell.

Gilman
Gilman, Daniel Coit

Born July 6, 1831 in Norwich, Connecticut
Died October 13, 1908, Norwich, Connecticut. American educator and first president of Johns Hopkins University. Graduated from Yale University in 1852, he served as a member of the Russian Embassy in St. Petersburg and studied in Berlin from 1854 to 1855. After returning to Japan, he worked at Yale for 17 years, and then served as president of the University of California at Berkeley from 1872 to 1875, and president of Johns Hopkins University from 1875 to 1901. He then served as the first chairman of the Carnegie Foundation until 1904. He contributed greatly to the support and promotion of higher education and educational programs.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1924.1.11. ディジョン
フランス生まれのアメリカ合衆国の生理学者。フランスのディジョンとリヨン,カナダのモントリオールの大学で学んだのち,1953~70年アメリカのベイラー医科大学で教鞭をとった。この間の 1960~63年コレージュ・ド・フランスの実験内分泌学部門副部長を務めた。1963年にアメリカ市民権を取得。1970年カリフォルニア州ラホヤのソーク生物学研究所教授に就任,1971年からはカリフォルニア大学サンディエゴ校医学部教授を兼任した。ベイラー医科大学ではイギリスの解剖学者 G.W.ハリスの仮説の立証を試み,視床下部から分泌されるホルモンが脳下垂体(下垂体)への連絡機能をもち,脳下垂体からのホルモン分泌の調節に関与していることを実証した。その後,視床下部ホルモンの分離・合成の研究に取り組み,1969年アンドルー・V.シャリーとともに,甲状腺刺激ホルモン(サイロトロピン)の放出を調節するサイロトロピン放出因子の分離・同定に成功。1973年にソマトスタチンの発見に成功し,糖尿病および消化器の潰瘍の治療薬として期待された。1977年ロザリン・S.ヤロー,シャリーとともにノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞した。

ギルマン
Gilman, Alfred Goodman

[生]1941.7.1. コネティカット,ニューヘーブン
[没]2015.12.23. テキサス,ダラス
アメリカ合衆国の薬理学者。1962年エール大学卒業後ケース・ウェスタン・リザーブ大学で学び,1969年博士号取得。1969~71年アメリカ国立衛生研究所,1971~81年バージニア大学勤務後,1981年からテキサス大学サウスウェスタン医学センター薬学部長。マーチン・ロッドベルが 1960年代に提唱した,G蛋白質が受容体から酵素へ情報を伝達する中継機構の役割を果たしているとする学説を発展させ,1970年代に,細胞膜にある G蛋白質遺伝子を欠損させたリンパ球による実験で,G蛋白質の細胞内情報伝達への関与を証明した。その後も多くの G蛋白質を単離,精製し,その構造を特定し,細胞膜の受容体から G蛋白質を介した細胞内情報伝達機構の解明にあたった。この研究は G蛋白質異常が関与するコレラや癌など,多くの疾患の解明に多大な貢献した。その功績により 1994年,ロッドベルとともにノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞。

ギルマン
Gilman, Daniel Coit

[生]1831.7.6. コネティカット,ノーウィッチ
[没]1908.10.13. コネティカット,ノーウィッチ
アメリカの教育家。ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学初代総長。 1852年エール大学を卒業,ロシア大使館員としてペテルブルグに駐在,54~55年ベルリンに留学。帰国後 17年間エール大学に在職ののち,72~75年バークリーのカリフォルニア大学学長,75~1901年ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学総長。その後 04年までカーネギー財団初代理事長。高等教育,教育事業の助成,振興などに貢献した。

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