Normans - Normans

Japanese: ノルマン人 - のるまんじん(英語表記)Normans
Normans - Normans

A Germanic tribe originally from Denmark and the Scandinavian Peninsula. They are also known as Vikings (northern people). They did not migrate during the Great Migration of the Germanic peoples, but in the 8th to 11th centuries, they invaded various parts of Europe due to land and food shortages caused by population growth. They were adventurous and skilled in navigation, and in addition to commerce, they engaged in pirate activities such as plundering, especially attacking monasteries and cities on the northwest coast of France and the northeast coast of England. In order to prevent them from invading deep inland by going up the Seine and Loire rivers, King Charles the Simple of West Franks gave Normandy to his leader Rollo in 911, making him Duke, and assimilated him into France. Later, Duke William of Normandy was promised the throne by Edward the Confessor of England, but after Edward's death in 1066, he demanded the throne from Harold II, who broke the promise and became King of England, and killed him in battle at Hastings on the southeast coast of England. At the end of the same year, he entered London and ascended to the throne as William I, establishing the Norman dynasty (Norman Conquest). On the other hand, many people from Normandy traveled to southern Italy from the beginning of the 11th century to work as mercenaries, and Tancred's son Robert Guiscard conquered southern Italy with the approval of the Pope, paving the way for the establishment of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which led to prosperity during the reign of his nephew, Roger II. The Normans' colonial activities extended over a very wide area, including Russia, the Shetland Islands, the Orkney Islands, Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, and even the North American continent. Their commercial activities in the North Sea and Mediterranean in particular led to a revival of commerce in the 11th and 12th centuries, making a major contribution to the development of medieval Europe.

[Tomizawa Reikan]

[Reference] | Viking

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

デンマーク、スカンジナビア半島を原住地としたゲルマン人の一派。北方人の意で、ビーキング(バイキング)ともよばれる。ゲルマン民族大移動の際には移動しなかったが、8~11世紀に人口増加による土地、食糧の不足などからヨーロッパ各地に侵入。冒険心に富み、航海術に長じ、商業のほか略奪など海賊的活動を行ったが、とくにフランス北西岸、イギリス北東岸の修道院や都市を襲った。西フランクのシャルル単純王は、セーヌ川、ロアール川をさかのぼって内陸深く侵入するのを防ぐため、911年首領ロロにノルマンディーを与えて公とし、フランスに同化させた。その後ノルマンディー公ウィリアムは、イギリスのエドワード懺悔(ざんげ)王から王位継承の約束を得たが、1066年エドワードの死後その約束を違えてイギリス王となったハロルド2世に対し王位を要求し、イギリス南東岸のヘースティングズで戦死させ、同年末ロンドンに入ってウィリアム1世として即位し、ノルマン朝を開いた(ノルマン・コンクェスト)。また他方、11世紀初頭よりノルマンディーから南イタリアに渡って傭兵(ようへい)として活躍する者も多かったが、タンクレッドの子ロベール・ギスカール(ロベルト・グイスカルド)は、教皇の認可を得て南イタリアを征服し、両シチリア王国建設の基礎を開き、その甥(おい)ロジェール2世時代の繁栄を招いた。ノルマン人の植民活動は、このほかロシア、シェトランド諸島、オークニー諸島、アイルランド、さらにアイスランド、グリーンランドから北アメリカ大陸まできわめて広い範囲に及んだが、とくに彼らの北海、地中海における商業活動は11~12世紀の商業復活につながり、ヨーロッパ中世の発展に大きく貢献した。

[富沢霊岸]

[参照項目] | バイキング

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