A phenomenon in which abnormal combustion in the cylinder of a reciprocating internal combustion engine produces a hammer-like sound. After the fuel-air mixture is ignited, the flame propagates through the cylinder, but when the unburned mixture in front of the propagating flame is compressed and kept at a high temperature, the chemical reaction becomes rapid, and many points start to burn at once, and the remaining unburned mixture burns rapidly before the propagating flame arrives. The rapid combustion generates large pressure vibrations in the cylinder, and an impact sound (several kilohertz) is generated that corresponds to the pressure wave traveling back and forth through the cylinder at the speed of sound. Knocking can range from minor knocks with small amplitude of pressure vibrations to severe knocks with large amplitude of pressure vibrations, with minor knocks being close to the limit of what humans can detect. The occurrence of knocking is largely determined by the chemical structure of the fuel (gasoline). The property of not easily causing knocking is called anti-knock property. Knocking is more likely to occur when fuel that is prone to spontaneous combustion is used, the ignition timing is advanced, and the compression ratio is increased to keep the unburned mixture at a high temperature for a long time. It is also likely to occur when the structure of the combustion chamber does not allow sufficient cooling of the unburned mixture in front of the propagating flame. The octane number is an index that quantitatively indicates the anti-knock properties of gasoline. Tetraethyl lead is also an effective additive (called an anti-knock agent) that can suppress knocking, but its use is restricted to prevent air pollution. When knocking occurs, pressure waves cause a lot of heat to flow from the high-temperature combustion gas to the combustion chamber wall, raising the temperature of the combustion chamber wall and causing it to burn, and even burning of the exhaust valve. [Masatake Yoshida] [Reference] | |©Shogakukan "> Knock possible state ©Shogakukan "> Pressure changes inside a cylinder (schematic diagram) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
往復動内燃機関のシリンダー内の異常燃焼により、槌(つち)でたたくような音を出す現象。燃料と空気の混合気は点火後火炎がシリンダー内を伝播(でんぱ)するが、伝播する火炎の前方の未燃混合気が圧縮され高温度に保持されると化学反応が急速になり、一度に多くの点で燃焼を始め、伝播火炎の到達する以前に急激に残りの未燃混合気が燃焼する。急激な燃焼によってシリンダー内に大きな圧力振動が発生し、圧力波がシリンダーを音速で往復するのに相当するような衝撃音(数キロヘルツ)が発生する。ノッキングは、圧力振動の振幅の小さい軽微なノックから圧力振幅の大きい激しいノックまであり、軽微なノックは人間が感知できる限界に近い。ノッキングの発生は、燃料(ガソリン)の化学構造によって大きく左右される。また、ノッキングをおこしにくい性質をアンチノック性とよぶ。ノッキングは、自発火をおこしやすい燃料を用いるほど、点火時期を早めたり圧縮比をあげて未燃混合気を長く高温に保つほどおこりやすい。また燃焼室の構造で伝播火炎前方の未燃混合気の冷却が不十分な場合にもおきやすい。ガソリンのアンチノック性を数量的に示す指数をオクタン価という。またノッキングを抑止する有効な添加剤(アンチノック剤という)としてテトラエチル鉛があるが、大気汚染防止のため使用は制限されている。ノッキングがおこると、圧力波により高温の燃焼ガスから多くの熱が燃焼室壁に流れるようになり、燃焼室壁の温度が上昇し、燃焼室壁の焼損、さらには排気弁などの焼損に至る。 [吉田正武] [参照項目] | |©Shogakukan"> ノックのおきる状態 ©Shogakukan"> シリンダー内の圧力変化(模式図) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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