Serf - Noudo

Japanese: 農奴 - のうど

In European feudal society, land-holding peasants were in a strong relationship of servitude to their lords. This was the standard status of manorial peasants, and its characteristics included hereditary personal servitude, lack of the right to dispose of the land they owned, lack of clerical qualifications, bondage to the land, and the burden of corvée labor, formal marriage (marriage tax), poll tax, and mammolt (death tax). However, they differed from slaves in that they had the right to own property and marry. The abolition of the various regulations relating to serf status (the so-called emancipation of the serfs) was carried out in France by the issuance of letters of emancipation, and in England and western Germany by customary law, but it was largely due to the improvement of the status of the peasant class as a whole. In Russia, serfdom was legally strengthened from the 17th century onwards, supporting its "modernization," but in the mid-19th century, the Emancipation Edict was issued. → Denko
→ Related topics Coronatus | German Peasant War | Peasant uprising | Feudal jurisdiction

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

ヨーロッパ封建社会で領主に対して強度の隷属関係にある保有農民。荘園農民の標準的身分で，その特色は，世襲的な人身的隷属のほか，保有地処分権や聖職者資格の欠如，土地への緊縛，賦役労働・フォルマリアージュ（結婚税）・人頭税・マンモルト（死亡税）の負担など。ただし財産所持や婚姻などの権利能力をもつ点は奴隷と異なる。農奴身分的諸規定の廃止（いわゆる農奴解放）は，フランスでは解放状の交付により，英国やドイツ西部地方では慣習法により行われたが，農民層全体の地位向上によるところが大きかった。ロシアでは17世紀以降農奴制が法的にも強化され，その〈近代化〉を支えたが，19世紀半ば農奴解放令が出された。→佃戸(でんこ)
→関連項目コロナトゥス｜ドイツ農民戦争｜農民一揆｜領主裁判権

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