Encephalitis - Noue

Japanese: 脳炎 - のうえん
Encephalitis - Noue

It is an inflammatory disease of the brain parenchyma, and is also called meningoencephalitis because it is accompanied by symptoms of encephalitis as well as some symptoms of meningitis. Most cases of encephalitis are caused by viral infection, and are called viral encephalitis.

Viral encephalitis is broadly classified into acute encephalitis, parainfectious (secondary) encephalitis, and persistent chronic encephalitis.

There are two types of acute encephalitis: the typical encephalitis that develops when a neurotropic virus reaches the brain first, and the meningoencephalitis, which is a secondary encephalitis that develops when meningitis spreads to the brain parenchyma. Symptoms include general symptoms such as fever and headache, as well as meningeal irritation symptoms such as neck rigidity and Kernig's sign, which are specific to meningitis, impaired consciousness, convulsions, and coma, as well as focal symptoms such as eyeball concussion, facial paralysis, and slow movement, and an increase in protein and cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. Acute encephalitis includes the most typical types, such as Japanese encephalitis and St. Louis encephalitis, as well as herpes encephalitis, which is a type of meningoencephalitis (herpes simplex encephalitis, chickenpox-shingles virus encephalitis, etc.), enteric viral encephalitis (poliovirus encephalitis, coxsackievirus encephalitis, echovirus encephalitis), and mumps (epidemic parotitis) encephalitis.

Parainfectious encephalitis includes postinfectious encephalitis that occurs secondary to other viral diseases and encephalitis that develops after vaccination. The allergy theory was the most likely cause of this disease, but advances in clinical virology have revealed that viruses other than neurotropic viruses can also directly invade and grow in the brain. Postinfectious encephalitis refers to encephalitis that occurs during or after the acute symptoms of a viral infection have subsided, and is often associated with viral rashes such as measles, rubella, and chickenpox. In addition, postvaccination encephalitis was a focus of attention as a postvaccination encephalitis, but this concern has disappeared due to the discontinuation of smallpox vaccinations. However, although rare, it can develop after vaccination with rabies vaccine, whooping cough vaccine, influenza vaccine, etc.

Persistent chronic encephalitis includes subacute encephalitis and chronic encephalitis, both of which are slow-onset viral infections caused by slow viruses. These include subacute sclerosing panencephalitis caused by persistent infection with a mutant strain of the measles virus, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy caused by persistent latent infection with the papovavirus, and kuru, a disease characterized by cerebellar ataxia that is limited to the Fore-speaking people living in the eastern highlands of New Guinea, all of which have an extremely poor prognosis.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

[References] | Japanese encephalitis | Polio

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

脳実質の炎症性疾患で、脳炎症状のほか多少とも髄膜炎症状を伴うところから髄膜脳炎ともよばれる。ウイルスの感染によっておこる脳炎が大部分であり、ウイルス性脳炎viral encephalitisとよばれる。

 ウイルス性脳炎は、急性脳炎、傍感染性(続発性)脳炎、持続性慢性脳炎に大別される。

 急性脳炎には、一次的に向神経性ウイルスが脳に到達して発症する代表的な脳炎と、一次的に髄膜炎をおこし、これが脳実質に波及して二次的に脳炎をおこす髄膜脳炎とよぶのがふさわしいものとがある。症状としては、発熱や頭痛などの一般症状のほか、髄膜炎に特有な項部強直やケルニッヒ徴候などの髄膜刺激症状、意識障害、けいれん、昏睡(こんすい)などをはじめ、その他の病巣症状として眼球しんとう、顔面麻痺(まひ)、運動緩慢などもみられ、髄液にはタンパクや細胞の増多などが現れる。急性脳炎には、もっとも典型的な日本脳炎やセントルイス脳炎などをはじめ、髄膜脳炎の型をとるヘルペス脳炎(単純ヘルペス脳炎、水痘・帯状疱疹(ほうしん)ウイルス脳炎など)や腸管ウイルス脳炎(ポリオウイルス脳炎、コクサッキーウイルス脳炎、エコーウイルス脳炎)、ムンプス(流行性耳下腺(せん)炎)脳炎などがある。

 傍感染性脳炎には、他のウイルス性疾患に続発しておこる感染後脳炎と、予防接種後に発症する脳炎が含まれる。この病因についてはアレルギー説が有力視されていたが、臨床ウイルス学の進歩により、向神経性ウイルス以外のウイルスでも直接脳に侵入して増殖する場合もあることが認められた。感染後脳炎はウイルス感染症の罹患(りかん)中、またはその急性症状が治まってから脳炎のおこる場合をいい、麻疹(ましん)、風疹、水痘などウイルス性発疹症に伴うことが多い。また予防接種後脳炎では、種痘後脳炎が注目されていたが、種痘中止によってその心配はなくなった。しかし、まれではあるが、狂犬病ワクチン、百日咳(ひゃくにちぜき)ワクチン、インフルエンザワクチンなどの接種後に発症することがある。

 持続性慢性脳炎は、亜急性脳炎と慢性脳炎を含み、いずれもスローウイルスによる遅発性ウイルス感染症である。これには、麻疹ウイルス変異株の持続性感染を基盤とする亜急性硬化性全脳炎をはじめ、パポーバウイルスの持続性潜在性感染による進行性多巣性白質脳症、およびニューギニア東部高地に住むフォレ語族に限局してみられた小脳性運動失調を主徴とするクールーkuruなどがあるが、いずれも予後はきわめて不良である。

[柳下徳雄]

[参照項目] | 日本脳炎 | ポリオ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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