Age - Nenrei

Japanese: 年齢 - ねんれい
Age - Nenrei

Legally, age is calculated by counting from the date of birth (Act on Age Calculation) according to the calendar and by days (Civil Code, Article 143). Therefore, one gains one year at midnight on the day of one's birthday. In the past, age was calculated according to one's age in the traditional calendar, with the year of birth being considered as 1 year old, but in 1950 (Showa 25), a law was enacted (Act on How to State Age) that recommended that one be considered 1 year old on the day of one's birthday, and now, legally, when age is an issue, it is always considered to be 1 year old.

Age is associated with various legal consequences.

(1) Fetus A person acquires legal capacity upon birth (Article 3 of the Civil Code), but a fetus before the age of majority is also treated as having legal capacity with regard to claims for damages (Article 721 of the Civil Code), inheritance (Article 886 of the Civil Code), and bequests (Article 965 of the Civil Code).

(2) Age 6: A parent or guardian must keep the child in school until the child reaches the age of 15 (Article 17 of the School Education Law).

(3) Age 15: A legal representative cannot consent to adoption or divorce by mutual consent (Civil Code Articles 797, 798, and 811). A person can also enter into a labor contract (Labor Standards Law Article 56).

(4) 16 years old: A girl reaches marriageable age (Article 731 of the Civil Code) and is considered an adult once she marries (Article 753 of the same Code).

(5) 18 years of age: A boy reaches the marriageable age (Article 731 of the Civil Code) and is considered an adult once he marries (Article 753 of the same Code).

(6) 20 years of age: Reaching adulthood (Article 4 of the Civil Code), acquiring full legal capacity (Article 5 of the Civil Code), leaving parental authority (Article 818 of the Civil Code), and acquiring the right to vote (Article 9 of the Public Offices Election Law).

[Takahisa Awaji]

However, with regard to the right to vote, the Act to Partially Amend the Public Offices Election Act, etc. (Act No. 43 of 2015) enacted in June 2015 changed the age of those eligible to vote in public office elections from 20 years old to 18 years old. The revised law came into effect on June 19, 2016.

[Editorial Department]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

法律上、年齢の数え方は、出生の日から起算して(「年齢計算ニ関スル法律」)暦に従い、日をもって計算される(民法143条)。したがって、誕生日の午前0時に1歳を増すことになる。かつては、生まれた年を1歳とする数え年を年齢の呼び方とすることが行われていたが、1950年(昭和25)に、誕生日の到来を1歳とする満年齢を推奨する法律(「年齢のとなえ方に関する法律」)が施行されたこともあって、現在法律上、年齢が問題となる場合は、すべて満年齢である。

 年齢は種々の法律的効果と結び付けられる。

(1)胎児 人は出生によって権利能力を取得する(民法3条)が、年齢以前の胎児も損害賠償の請求権(同法721条)、相続(同法886条)、および遺贈(同法965条)については権利能力を有するものとして取り扱われる。

(2)6歳 親権者または未成年後見人は就学させなければならず、それは15歳になるまで続く(学校教育法17条)。

(3)15歳 養子縁組、協議上の離縁につき法定代理人は代諾できなくなる(民法797条・798条・811条)。また、労働契約を結ぶこともできる(労働基準法56条)。

(4)16歳 女子が婚姻適齢に達する(民法731条)が、結婚すれば成人とみなされる(同法753条)。

(5)18歳 男子が婚姻適齢に達する(民法731条)が、結婚すれば成人とみなされる(同法753条)。

(6)20歳 成人に達し(民法4条)、完全な行為能力を取得し(同法5条)、親権を脱し(同法818条)、選挙権を取得するに至る(公職選挙法9条)。

[淡路剛久]

 ただし、選挙権に関しては、2015年(平成27)6月に成立した「公職選挙法等の一部を改正する法律」(平成27年法律第43号)により、公職の選挙の選挙権を有する者の年齢について、満20年以上から満18年以上に改められた。改正法の施行は2016年6月19日。

[編集部]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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