It is a form of age group system in which a person moves through several stages or statuses determined by age one by one. To reach each stage, some qualification or ritual is usually required, and every man (or woman) in the society is considered to have completed his life as a human being only after passing through all of these stages. For example, among the Masai pastoralists of East Africa, men pass through the stages of boy, warrior, and elder, and women pass through the stages of girl and married. If they die before reaching the final stage, they may not have a complete funeral or may not become ancestors. In the case of the Meru agriculturalists of Kenya, men enter the "big boy" stage for several years from around 12 or 13 years old, but the "big boy" stage is divided into three stages. After that, they enter the warrior stage through circumcision, and after marriage, they reach the elder stage, which is the political center. Finally, they end up at the oldest elder stage, where they "finish all the work and just eat." In Japan, the age hierarchy in Ihama (Minamiizu town), Shizuoka Prefecture is famous, and according to anthropologist Jiro Suzuki, after joining the young men's group at around the age of 17, the hierarchy is divided into very fine categories, such as running errand boy, senior errand boy, junior middle elder, middle elder, head assistant, boss, senior elder, middle senior elder, big senior elder, and elders. [Yasushi Kato] "Japanese Folk Culture Series 8: Villages and Villagers" (1984, Shogakukan) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
年齢集団制の一形態で、年齢によってくぎられたいくつかの段階・地位を順次一つずつ移行していく制度をいう。それぞれの段階に至るにはなんらかの資格や儀礼が必要とされるのが普通であり、社会のすべての男(あるいは女)は、これらの全段階を通り抜けて初めて人間としての一生を全うしたと考えられる。たとえば、東アフリカの牧畜民マサイでは、男は少年・戦士・長老の段階を、女は少女と既婚者の段階を通過する。もし最終段階に到達する前に死亡した場合、完全な葬儀が行われなかったり、祖霊になれなかったりすることもある。ケニアの農耕民メルの場合、男は12、13歳くらいから数年間「大きな少年」の段階に入るが、「大きな少年」の段階がまた三つの階梯に分かれている。その後、割礼を経て戦士の段階に入り、結婚後、政治的中心となる長老段階に至る。最後に「すべての仕事を終えて食べるだけ」の最長老段階で終わるのである。日本では静岡県伊浜(南伊豆町)の年齢階梯が有名で、人類学者鈴木二郎によれば、17歳ぐらいで若者組に入ったのち、走り使い、使い上り、小中老、中老、頭脇(かしらわき)、親方、宿老、中宿老、大宿老、年寄衆などと非常に細かく階梯が分かれている。 [加藤 泰] 『『日本民俗文化大系8 村と村人』(1984・小学館)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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