Ypres is an industrial city in the northwest of Belgium, the capital of the western part of the province of West Flanders. Its French name is Ypres. It has a population of 35,081 (2002). [Tamiko Kawakami] GeographyIt is close to the French border. In the Middle Ages, the woolen textile industry was the main industry, but today the main industries are spinning, ready-made clothing, machine tools, automobile assembly, and food processing. It was the site of the Battle of Ypres in World War I, which claimed more than 300,000 lives, and the town was destroyed. There are over 140 cemeteries scattered across the plains. There is a huge woolen exchange that was rebuilt while maintaining its original style. [Tamiko Kawakami] historyIt was formed around an old fortress destroyed by the Normans in the 10th century. Since the 12th century, it has developed as the center of wool industry in Western Europe, competing with Bruges and Ghent. Numerous trade associations (guilds) were organized, and in the late 13th century, Ypres was at its peak with a wool exchange and a bell tower. It is said that the population was 40,000. Merchants formed guilds, and the families gained fame and held privileged positions, but in the late Middle Ages, as in other Flemish cities, there was conflict between the patricians (upper class of the city) and artisans (craftsmen), and fierce social struggles were repeated. In 1302, they defeated King Philip IV of France, who had advanced into Kortrijk (French name Courtrai), and citizens, mainly wool merchants, rioted, seized power, and attempted to democratize the city government. However, Philip IV disrupted Ypres and took advantage of the chaos in the city government to force the removal of the city walls (Peace of Atys). Ypres also maintained a pro-French policy since the 14th century, and was hostile to the Count of Nevers (Négur), who had close economic ties with England at the time and caused the wool industry to decline. However, a series of events, including a wool shortage, a decrease in sales channels, and an epidemic (1316), forced many craftsmen to become vagrants. The 14th century was a time of economic collapse for Ypres. In the 15th century, despite the relatively tolerant policies of the Duke of Burgundy, Ypres' economic activity rapidly declined, the number of guilds dropped to just over 30, and many craftsmen migrated to other cities. After 1559, it became a bishopric (until 1801). During this time, it was annexed by France (1678-1715), came under the control of a Dutch garrison (1715-81), and then once again came under French rule (1794-1814). It became one of the important cities in the French department of La Lys, but when Belgium gained independence in 1830 it became a Belgian city. [Toru Fujikawa] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ベルギー北西部、西フランドル州西部の郡都、工業都市。フランス語名はイープルYpres。人口3万5081(2002)。 [川上多美子] 地誌フランス国境に近い。中世には毛織物工業が産業の中心であったが、今日では紡績、既製服、工作機械、自動車などの組立て、食品加工業が中心である。第一次世界大戦で30万以上の戦死者を出した「イーペルの戦い」の地で、町も破壊された。140余の墓地が平野に散在する。原形の様式を維持したまま再建された巨大な毛織物取引所がある。 [川上多美子] 歴史10世紀にノルマン人によって破壊された古い城砦(じょうさい)の周囲に形成された。12世紀以来、西ヨーロッパの毛織物産業の中心地として発展し、ブリュッヘ、ヘントと競った。数多くの同業組合(ギルド)が組織され、13世紀後半には毛織物取引所と鐘楼とを構え、イーペルはその絶頂にあった。人口は4万を擁していたといわれる。商人はギルドを構成し門閥が勇名を覇せ、特権的地位を占めたが、中世末期に至り、ほかのフランドル諸都市と同様にパトリキ(都市上層市民)とアルチザン(職人)が対立し、激しい社会闘争を繰り返した。1302年、コルトレイク(フランス語名クルトレー)に進出したフランス王フィリップ4世を撃破し、また毛織物業者を中心とする市民が暴動を起こして政権を奪い、市政の民主化を図った。しかし、フィリップ4世はイーペルを攪乱(かくらん)し、市政の混乱に乗じ市壁撤去を強制した(アティスの和)。イーペルはまた14世紀以来親仏政策をとり続け、当時イングランドと密接な経済関係にあり毛織物産業を斜陽化させたヌベール(ネグール)伯にも敵対した。しかし、羊毛の不足、販路の減少、疫病の流行(1316)など、一連のできごとは数多くの職人たちに放浪を強いた。14世紀はイーペルが経済破綻をきたした時代であった。15世紀にはブルゴーニュ侯の比較的寛容な政策にもかかわらず、イーペルの経済活動は急速に衰微し、ギルドは30余りに激減し多数の職人がほかの都市へ移住していった。1559年以降は司教領となる(~1801)。その間フランスに併合(1678~1715)され、またオランダ駐屯軍の支配を受け(1715~81)、さらにふたたびフランスが領有(1794~1814)、フランス・ラ・リス県の有力都市の一つとなったが、1830年のベルギー独立に際してベルギーの一都市となった。 [藤川 徹] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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