What is the disease?Progressive neurodegenerative diseases in which motor nerves (the nerves that transmit motor commands from the cerebrum to the muscles) are selectively damaged, with little or no damage to other nerves (sensory nerves, autonomic nerves, and advanced brain functions), are collectively referred to as motor neuron diseases (MND). A typical example is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a rare disease designated as a special disease. Most cases are sporadic, but some cases run in families. What is the cause?The cause is still unclear. There are several theories, including that it may be related to abnormalities in amino acid metabolism or autoimmunity. Genetic abnormalities have been found in some cases of familial onset. How symptoms manifest Onset is common in people in their 50s, and before you know it, you lose strength in your arms and legs, and your muscles begin to waste away. Typically, you lose strength in the tip of one hand, and it gradually spreads to the rest of your body. When the muscles of the mouth and throat are damaged, you can have trouble speaking properly, choke when eating (swallowing disorder), Testing and diagnosisGeneral blood tests, head CT scans, and MRI scans are normal. The diagnosis is made by excluding similar diseases and demonstrating motor neuron damage with electromyography. Similar illnesses include Treatment methodsThere is currently no cure for the disease. A drug called Riluzole (Rilutek) has been proven to slow the progression of the disease, but its effect is very slight. Several other drugs are currently being developed and undergoing clinical trials. Treatment is basically symptomatic, and for swallowing disorders, tube feeding is used, and for respiratory muscle paralysis, a nasal mask or tracheotomy is used and breathing is assisted with a ventilator. This disease eventually causes all muscles in the body to stop moving, leading to bedriddenness, and finally death from respiratory muscle paralysis. The period from onset to death is 2 to 4 years, but there are some people whose condition progresses slowly over 10 years, and the rate of progression varies from person to person. What to do if you notice an illnessThere are similar diseases and it is a progressive disease, so please see a specialist (neurologist). As the disease progresses, swallowing becomes difficult. Related TopicsSpinal (progressive) muscular atrophy, progressive bulbar palsy, cervical spondylosis, neuropathy Fumi Idei, Yoshiyuki Kuroiwa Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia |
どんな病気か運動神経(大脳からの運動の命令を筋肉まで伝える神経)が選択的に障害され、運動神経以外(感覚神経や自律神経、脳の高度な機能)はほとんど障害されない進行性の神経変性疾患を、総合的に運動ニューロン疾患(MND)といいます。 代表的なのが筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS)というまれな疾患で、特定疾患に指定されています。多くは孤発性ですが、一部は家族内発症がみられます。 原因は何か原因はまだはっきりしていません。アミノ酸代謝の異常や自己免疫が関係するなどいくつかの学説があります。家族内発症の一部では、遺伝子異常が見つかっています。 症状の現れ方 50代での発症が多く、いつとはなしに手足に力が入らなくなり、筋肉がやせてきます。典型的には片側の手の先に力が入らなくなり、徐々に全身に広がります。口やのどの筋肉が障害されると、ろれつが回らずうまくしゃべれなくなり、食事でむせ込み(嚥下(えんげ)障害)、 検査と診断一般的な血液検査や頭部CT、MRI検査では正常です。類似した疾患を除外し、筋電図検査で運動ニューロンの障害を証明することで診断されます。 似たような病気には、 治療の方法病気を治す方法は、現在のところまだありません。リルゾール(リルテック)という薬は病気の進行を遅らせる効果が証明され使われていますが、その効果はごく軽微です。そのほか、いくつかの薬の開発・治験が進められています。 基本的には対症療法となり、嚥下障害に対しては経管栄養、呼吸筋麻痺に対しては鼻マスクや気管切開をして、人工呼吸器で呼吸を補助する方法があります。 この疾患は、やがて全身の筋肉が動かなくなって寝たきりになり、最後は呼吸筋麻痺で死亡します。発症から死亡までの期間は2~4年ですが、なかには10年以上にわたりゆっくり経過する人もいて、進行の速さには個人差があります。 病気に気づいたらどうする似たような病気があり、また進行性の疾患なので、専門医(神経内科)の診察を受けてください。 病気が進行すると飲み込みにくさのため 関連項目脊髄性(進行性)筋萎縮症、進行性球麻痺、頸椎症、ニューロパチー 出井 ふみ, 黒岩 義之 出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報 |
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