Born: June 14, 1924, Uddingston
[Died] March 21, 2010.
British pharmacologist. Full name: Sir James Whyte Black. Graduated from the University of St. Andrews School of Medicine in 1946, he taught at several universities. In 1958, he was a senior pharmacologist at Imperial Chemical Industries, and in 1964, he was head of the biological research division at Smith, Kline & French Laboratories. In 1978, he was appointed Director of Therapeutic Research at the Wellcome Institute. In 1984, he became a professor at King's College London, and in 1993, he became an honorary professor at the same college. From 1992 to 2006, he was Chancellor of the University of Dundee. Recognizing that angina pectoris is related to the beta receptors of the myocardium, he developed propranolol, a drug that blocks beta receptors, and also succeeded in developing cimetidine, a drug that blocks histamine receptors, a substance involved in the development of gastric ulcers. In 1988, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with George Herbert Hitchings and Gertrude Bell Elion for discovering an important principle of drug therapy. He was knighted in 1981 and awarded the Order of Merit in 2000. black
Black, John Reddie Born January 8, 1827 in Scotland
[Died] June 11, 1880. Yokohama. A British journalist active in Japan during the early Meiji period. He came to Yokohama during the Bunkyu era (1861-64) and became editor of the English weekly newspaper Japan Herald (→ Nagasaki Shipping List and Advertiser), which was run by Hansard. In Keio 3 (67), he became independent and founded the daily English newspaper Japan Gazette. In Meiji 3 (70), he founded the English magazine The Far East, which continued to be published twice a month until 1876. In March 1872, he founded the Japanese daily newspaper Nisshin Shinjishi in Tokyo. Taking advantage of his extraterritoriality, he criticized the government. In January 1875, the government hired Black to the House of Representatives, and as a condition of his employment, he gave up his newspaper. In June of the same year, they promulgated the Newspaper Ordinance, which prohibited foreigners from owning newspapers, and fired him in July of the same year. Black subsequently launched newspapers in Japan and Shanghai, but was unsuccessful, and wrote Young Japan (2 volumes) shortly before his death. black
Braque, Georges Born: May 13, 1882 in Argenteuil
Died August 31, 1963. French painter in Paris. Studied at the Le Havre art school and the Académie Humbert in Paris. Exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants in 1906. Initially, he painted in a Fauvist style, but was influenced by Cézanne, and in 1907, he painted a landscape of Estaque in the south of France as if it were a series of cubes stacked on top of each other, which became the origin of the name Cubism. Along with Picasso, he is considered a representative Cubist painter, and is also the creator of the papier-colle technique. He served in World War I and was injured. From 1918, he broke away from his previous works that were dominated by black and ochre, and painted still lifes and interior scenes in heavy colors that included green and gray. From 1922, he began a series of portraits and also produced sculptures. His health deteriorated during World War II, but he continued to produce large-scale works, and in 1948, he won the Grand Prize at the Venice Biennale. Representative works include the early "House at Estaque" (1907, Bern Art Museum). black
Black, Joseph Born: April 16, 1728, Bordeaux
[Died] November 10, 1799, Edinburgh. British chemist and physician. He studied medicine and natural sciences at the University of Glasgow, and in 1751 moved to the University of Edinburgh to continue his medical studies. He succeeded his mentor W. Cullen as lecturer in chemistry at the University of Glasgow (1756), and later became professor of medicine there. He is known in particular for his research on the separation and identification of "fixed air" (carbon dioxide) and its various properties, as well as for establishing the theory of latent heat (61). He was also close to J. Watt, and Black's theory of latent heat is said to have had a major influence on Watt's invention of the condensation steam engine. He also contributed to the concept of specific heat and the study of alkalis, but he wrote few books, and only a few papers are known, including Lectures on the Elements of Chemistry (1803), which was published posthumously based on his lecture notes. black
Black, Jeremiah Sullivan Born: January 10, 1810, Somerset
[Died] August 19, 1883. Brockie American lawyer and cabinet member. He was mainly a self-taught lawyer and became a lawyer in 1830. In 1842, he was elected a district court judge in Pennsylvania, and in 1851, he became a justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. In 1857, he was appointed U.S. Attorney General by President J. Buchanan. As a Federalist, Black had a great influence on Buchanan, and this influence became even greater after he was appointed Secretary of State in 1860. Black was wary of foreign countries recognizing the Confederacy. After Lincoln became president, Black retired from national service and opened a law practice. After the Civil War, he represented the radical Republican Party's opposition to the Southern Reconstruction Plan on the U.S. Supreme Court. black
Black, Eugene Robert Born: May 1, 1898 in Atlanta
[Died] February 19, 1992. Southampton, New York. American banker. An authority on aid to developing countries. Graduated from the University of Georgia. President of Chase National Bank from 1937 to 1949, US representative to the World Bank from 1947 to 1949, and president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963. Served as special adviser to President L. Johnson (for Southeast Asian Development Planning) and special financial adviser to UN Secretary-General U Thant. Later served as adviser to American Express, ITT, The New York Times, Royal Dutch Shell, and others. Author of The Diplomacy of Economic Development (1960). black
Black, Davidson Born: July 25, 1884, Toronto
Died March 15, 1934. Canadian anatomist and anthropologist from Beijing. After serving as a military surgeon in World War I, he moved to China and became a professor at the Peking Union Medical College (1918-21). In 1921, O. Zdanski and J. G. Anderson discovered a human molar fossil at Zhoukoudian in the suburbs of Beijing, and named it Sinanthropus pekinensis. Since then, he has played a leading role in the investigation and research of Sinanthropus. His main work is "On the Discovery, Morphology and Environment of Sinanthropus Pekinensis" (1934). black
Black, Max [Born] February 24, 1909. Baku
[Died] August 27, 1988. New York. Russian-born American analytical philosopher. Professor at Cornell University. Studied mathematics at Cambridge University, during which he was influenced by G. Moore and L. Wittgenstein and studied linguistics in philosophy. Visited Japan in 1957 and lectured on contemporary American philosophy in Tokyo. His major works are Philosophical Analysis (1950) and Importance of Language (1962). black
Black, John Born: 1783, Scotland
[Died] June 15, 1855.
British journalist and translator. He studied at the University of Edinburgh and worked at an accountancy firm, but in 1810 he went to London and became a foreign correspondent for the Morning Chronicle. In 1817 he became editor of the paper. After retiring in 1843, he devoted himself to writing. His works include critiques on Italian and German literature, contributions to the Universal Magazine in London, and the publication of The Life of Tasso. black
Black, Sir Misha Born: October 16, 1910, Baku
[Died] October 11, 1977, London, England. A Russian-born British designer. Head of the Design Research Unit. Served as an advisor for exposition exhibitions to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In addition, he was in charge of exhibitions at various international expositions. His main work is Exhibition Design. black
Black, Greene Vardiman Born August 3, 1836 in Scott, Illinois
[Died] August 31, 1915, Chicago. American dentist, dental pathologist, and bacteriologist. Professor at the University of Iowa from 1890 to 1891, and at Northwestern University from 1891 to 1915. He made contributions in many areas, including establishing the scientific foundations for dental treatment, fillings, and conservation, as well as improving dental instruments. black
Black, George Born: April 20, 1891, Birmingham
[Died] March 5, 1945.
British theatre manager. He was active in the entertainment industry as the manager of many music halls. He is especially known for the "Crazy Gang" series, which began performances at the Palladium Theatre in 1935. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
