A science that studies heat and the thermal properties of objects. Heat-related phenomena and devices, such as thermal conduction, thermal expansion, heat of reaction, and heat engines, appear in a wide variety of forms in physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. Thermology is the study of these phenomena, and its contents can be broadly divided into three categories: thermodynamics, kinetic theory of gases, and statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics was perfected in the mid-to-late 19th century, but its basic idea is to derive the relationship between thermodynamic functions by focusing on the macroscopic properties of matter, rather than going into the microscopic details. In other words, thermodynamics is based on the standpoint of phenomenology. Thermodynamics does not contradict experimental results, but does not provide a means to obtain thermodynamic functions from the microscopic point of view of atoms and molecules. Physicists who were dissatisfied with this point began to construct thermodynamics from the molecular point of view from around the mid-19th century. In particular, Maxwell focused on the fact that the movement of gas molecules is random in 1859 and derived a law that gives the velocity distribution of molecules. Furthermore, this kinetic theory of gas molecules was generalized by Boltzmann, Gibbs, and others, and a field known today as statistical mechanics was completed. Statistical mechanics provides the foundations of thermodynamics and also provides concrete principles for obtaining thermodynamic functions from a microscopic point of view. Statistical mechanics, along with quantum mechanics, is a major pillar supporting modern condensed matter physics (theory of condensed matter). [Ryuzo Abe] [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
熱および物体の熱的性質を研究する学問。熱伝導、熱膨張、反応熱、熱機関など熱に関連した現象や装置は、物理学、化学、生物学、工学において多種多様な形で現れる。その研究を目的とするのが熱学であるが、内容を大別すると、熱力学、気体分子運動論、統計力学の三つに分類される。 熱力学は19世紀なかばから後半にかけて完成されたが、その基本的な思想は、物質の微視的詳細に立ち入らず、むしろ巨視的性質に注目し熱力学関数の間の関係を導こうとするものである。すなわち、熱力学は現象論という立場に立脚している。熱力学は実験結果と矛盾することはないが、熱力学関数を原子、分子といった微視的観点から求める手段を提供しない。この点に不満をもった物理学者は、19世紀なかばころから、分子の立場で熱学を構築していった。とくにマクスウェルは1859年、気体分子の運動が乱雑である点に着目し、分子の速度分布を与える一つの法則を導いた。さらに、この気体分子運動論はボルツマン、ギブスなどにより一般化され、今日、統計力学とよばれる一分野が完成した。統計力学は熱力学の基礎づけと同時に、微視的な立場から熱力学関数を求めるための具体的な原理を与える。統計力学は、量子力学と並んで、現代の物性物理学(物性論)を支える大きな支柱となっている。 [阿部龍蔵] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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