From the Middle Ages to the early modern period in Japan, dyed textiles were mainly imported from China, the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties. In particular, during the Muromachi period, a large number of dyed textiles were brought to Japan through trade with Ming China by the shogunate, large temples and shrines, and feudal lords in the western part of the country. In particular, new weaving techniques and designs such as brocade and donsu had a major impact on the Japanese dyeing and weaving industry at the time, and became the foundation of early modern textiles. When these dyed and woven textiles were first imported, they were used as the robes of high priests, the clothing of military commanders, costumes for Sarugaku performers, or curtains and uchishiki for temples and shrines. For example, the famous antique brocades known today as "Kofuku-ji brocade" (said to have been used as curtains for Kofuku-ji Temple), "Daito brocade" (said to be a robe cloth fabric of Daito Kokushi), and "Futari Shizuka brocade" (said to be a cloth fabric from the costume of Ashikaga Yoshimasa when he danced "Futari Shizuka"), all of which convey their history well. In other words, as the tea ceremony flourished, selected textiles from these imported textiles came to be used as tea caddy covers and decorations, and gradually came to be admired by tea masters by their own names, forming the "famous textiles" of today. However, the custom of giving individual names to textiles became more prominent during the Edo period, and before the Keicho era (1596-1615), there were only two types of textiles: "Keuroku Donsu" (1587) in the "Soutan Nikki" and "Juko Donsu" (1609) in the "Hisayoshi Chakaiki." In "Soutatsu Chayu Nikki" and "Soueki Chayu Nikki," the types of textiles and patterns are recorded in considerable detail, but no specific names are used. When we move on to the "Konoike Household Goods Register," which has an auspicious date from the New Year in 1691 (Genroku 4), and then to the "Kaiki," which was written during the Kyoho era (1716-1736), the number of specific names for cloth becomes extremely abundant. Gradually, the textiles were prized and given specific names, and the first collection of "meibutsu-re" was in the Meibutsu-gire-no-bu section of the Kokon Meibutsu Ruiju (1791) by Matsudaira Fumai, the feudal lord of Matsue. This book contains 166 textiles, including several pieces with the same name, making a total of 106 types. Although these are not many in number, they are considered extremely important as they served as the basis for the Wakan Kinshu Ichiran (list of Japanese and Chinese embroidery) and other works published afterwards. As meibutsu-re came to be prized, Japanese-made imitations began to be produced, and for this reason, since the Edo period, the study of meibutsu-re was focused on distinguishing between the "honka" (original) and the "utashi" (copy). The many "meibutsu-recho" books that remain today likely served as study books for meibutsu-re. The period is divided into Gokkowatari (14th century), Furuwatari (15th century), Nakawatari (first half of the 16th century), Atowatari (16th to 17th century), and Shinto (17th century), but in reality it is extremely difficult to determine the era of a small piece, and in fact it is very rare to find one that actually belongs to Gokkowatari. Therefore, the term "Furuwatari" generally includes those from the mid-Ming dynasty (15th to 16th century). Looking at meibutsu-re by type of dyed and woven item, there are inkin, kinran, kinsha, donsu, kandou, nishiki, futsuu, mohair, and others. Of these, donsu were the most prized at tea ceremonies, with the donsu being classified as shin, gyo, or kusa in calligraphy, donsu being shin, kinran being gyō, and kando being kusa. Donsu was especially highly valued because its soft texture and blended elegance made it especially suitable for covering meibutsu tea caddies. Nanporoku also states, "The fine quality of donsu is light and light, and is used exclusively for bags," and "In general, there are many donsu bags, including famous Chinese goods." This is also evident in the fact that many of the fabrics named after famous tea masters today are of the type Jukou Donsu, Joou Donsu, Souki Donsu, and Enshu Donsu. Other famous ancient fabrics include Hakugyoku Donsu and Sasazuru Donsu. Inkin, brocade, and kinsha have been used more widely as mounting fabrics than as shifuku. Particularly famous ancient brocades include the aforementioned Kofuku-ji, Daito, and Futari Shizuka, as well as Hana Kirin, Ryuzume, Keito, and Suminokura Kinran. There are also a variety of brocades with arabesque patterns, including Kodai-ji Kinran. Magado is a striped silk fabric produced in southern China, but it also contains striped textiles from Southeast Asia, such as cotton plaid, stripes, and embossed patterns. The difference between the intricate silk mado of Funakoshi, Aoki, and Mochizuki and the rough and simple charm of Rikyu, Champa, Sagara, and Satsuma Kando is clear. There are very few famous brocade textiles. As the Nanpo Roku states, "Gold-laced brocade is thick and can be used for bags," the heavy weave probably made it unsuitable for wrapping. However, some of the more well-known ones are Shokkou, Arisugawa, and Kiyomizu, and their intricate weaving and outstanding designs give us a glimpse of Chinese Ming dynasty brocade. While most other famous textiles are made in China, mohair is thought to have been made in India, and its name is said to be a corrupted version of the name "Mughal," the empire at the time. Other well-known textiles include "Itoya Rinpo" for Futsutsu, "Goshuin-re" for white twill patterned weaving, and "Katsuragi" and "Shoha" for brocade weaving. [Ogasawara Sae] "Yamabe Tomoyuki's 'Meibutsu-re' (1978, Mainichi Shimbun)" ▽ "Oda Eiichi (ed.) 'The Beauty of Dyeing and Weaving 8: Meibutsu-re' (1980, Kyoto Shoin)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
日本の中世から近世初頭にかけて、主として中国の宋(そう)、元(げん)、明(みん)より舶載された染織品。とくに室町時代には幕府の勘合貿易をはじめ、大きな寺社、あるいは西国の大名らによる対明貿易によって、染織品も数多くもたらされた。なかでも金襴(きんらん)、緞子(どんす)といった新しい織物技術や意匠は、当時の日本の染織界に大きな影響を与え、近世織物の基盤をなすものとなった。 これらの染織品はその舶載当初においては、高僧の袈裟(けさ)や武将の衣服、猿楽(さるがく)の装束、あるいは寺社の帳(とばり)や打敷(うちしき)として用いられたもので、たとえば今日、古金襴として名高い名物裂「興福寺金襴」(興福寺の帳として用いられたという)、「大燈金襴(だいとうきんらん)」(大燈国師の袈裟裂と伝えられる)、「二人静金襴(ふたりしずかきんらん)」(足利義政(あしかがよしまさ)が「二人静」を舞った装束の裂という)などの名称はその経緯をよく伝えている。すなわち、茶道の興隆につれて、これらの舶載裂のなかから選ばれた裂類が、茶入の仕覆(しふく)(仕服)や表装裂として活用されるようになり、しだいに茶人たちによって固有の名で賞翫(しょうがん)され、今日の「名物裂」が形成された。ただし、裂に固有の名称を冠する風習は江戸時代に入ってから著しくみられる傾向で、慶長(けいちょう)年間(1596~1615)以前には、『宗湛日記(そうたんにっき)』の「ケウロク緞子」(天正15=1587)、『久好(ひさよし)茶会記』の「珠光緞子(じゅこうどんす)」(慶長14=1609)の2種くらいにとどまる。『宗達茶湯日記』『宗及茶湯日記』などには裂の種別、文様の種類については相当詳しく記されているが、特定の名称は用いられていない。これが元禄(げんろく)4年(1691)正月吉日の墨書をもつ『鴻池(こうのいけ)家道具帳』、さらに享保(きょうほう)年間(1716~36)に書かれた『槐記(かいき)』になると、裂の固有の名称はきわめて豊富になる。 しだいに特定の名称で珍重され、定着してきた裂類が、初めて「名物裂」として集大成されたものに、松江の藩主松平不昧(まつだいらふまい)による『古今名物類聚(ここんめいぶつるいじゅう)』(1791)名物切之部(めいぶつぎれのぶ)がある。この書には166裂が収録されており、同名数点を含むものもあるので種類としては106種。これらは数のうえでは多くはないが、その後に発刊された『和漢錦繍一覧(わかんきんしゅういちらん)』その他の底本となるものとしてきわめて重要とされる。また名物裂が珍重されるようになると、日本製の模倣品も製作され始め、このため江戸時代以来、名物裂の研究はもっぱらその「本歌」(オリジナル)と「写し」(模作)とを識別することが重視された。今日数多く残っている「名物裂帳」も、そうした名物裂の勉強帳としての役割を果たしたものであろう。時代区分としては極古渡(ごくこわたり)(14世紀)、古渡(15世紀)、中渡(なかわたり)(16世紀前半)、後渡(あとわたり)(16~17世紀)、新渡(しんと)(17世紀)といった設定もなされるが、現実には小裂の時代の判別はきわめてむずかしく、また実際に極古渡に属するものは非常にまれである。したがって明代中期(15~16世紀)くらいのものまでを含めて一般に「古渡」と称している。 名物裂を染織品の種別によってみると、印金(いんきん)、金襴、錦紗(きんしゃ)、緞子、間道(かんどう)のほか、錦(にしき)、風通(ふうつう)、モールなどがある。これらのうちもっとも茶席で珍重されたのが緞子類で、書の真・行・草に裂を当てはめ、緞子を真、金襴を行、間道を草に格付けする。緞子がとくに高く評価されたのは、地合いの柔らかさとじみな風趣が、とりわけ名物茶入の仕覆にふさわしかったことによるものと思われる。『南方録(なんぽうろく)』にも「ドンスノ上品ナルハ、ウスクヤハラカニシテ専(もっぱら)袋ニ用ラレシ也(なり)」「大方唐物(からもの)名物ナドハドンス袋多シ」などと記されている。今日伝えられる高名な茶人の名を冠した裂類に、珠光緞子、紹鴎緞子(じょうおうどんす)、宗及緞子、遠州緞子など緞子類が多いことも、その表れといえる。そのほか古渡として名高いものに白極緞子(はくぎょくどんす)、笹蔓緞子(ささづるどんす)などがある。印金、金襴、錦紗などは仕覆としてよりも表装裂などに広く活用されてきた。とくに古金襴として名高いものに、先述した興福寺、大燈、二人静のほか、花麒麟(はなきりん)、竜爪(りゅうづめ)、鶏頭(けいとう)、角倉金襴(すみのくらきんらん)などがあり、また高台寺金襴をはじめとする唐草文様の金襴には各種のものがある。間道は中国南部で製作された絹の縞(しま)織物であるが、なかには木綿の格子、縞、浮紋織など東南アジアの縞裂も含まれている。船越(ふなこし)、青木、望月(もちづき)といった精緻(せいち)な絹の間道に対し、利休、占城(チャンパ)、相良(さがら)、薩摩間道(さつまかんどう)のもつ粗笨(そほん)な魅力に、両者の違いがよく表れている。錦類の名物裂はきわめて少ない。『南方録』にも、「金入(きんいり)錦コト更厚クシテ袋ニ用(もちひ)ガタシ」とあるように、織りの重厚さが仕覆類に不向きであったからであろう。しかし著名なものに蜀江(しょっこう)、有栖川(ありすがわ)、清水(きよみず)などがあり、それらの織りの精巧さや意匠の卓抜さは中国明代錦の一端を伝えるものである。モールは、ほかの名物裂類がほとんど中国製であるのに対し、インド製と考えられ、その名称も当時の帝国「ムガール」の転訛(てんか)であるといわれている。そのほか風通に「糸屋輪宝」、白綾(しろあや)の紋織に「御朱印裂」、錦織に属するものに「葛城(かつらぎ)」「紹巴(しょうは)」などがあり、著名である。 [小笠原小枝] 『山辺知行著『名物裂』(1978・毎日新聞社)』▽『小田栄一編『染織の美8 名物裂』(1980・京都書院)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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