Nymph - Nymph (English spelling)

Japanese: ニンフ - にんふ(英語表記)Nymphe
Nymph - Nymph (English spelling)

In Greek mythology, nymphs are spirits of the natural world. Depending on their nature and habitat, they are divided into river and spring spirits (Naiades), water spirits (Hyades), oak or general tree spirits (Driades), ash tree spirits (Meriai), mountain spirits (Oreiades), forest spirits (Alseides), and pasture spirits (Raymoniades). Some are also associated with place names, such as the spirit of the river Achelous (Achelloides), the spirit of Mount Nysa (Nisiades), the spirit of the spring of Arethusa (of the same name), and the spirit of Rhodes (Rhodes). As the Greek word nymphē means "young wife, young girl," all mythological nymphs are beautiful women, neither gods nor humans, and although they live forever, they are not immortal. In folk beliefs, they were worshiped in forests and shrines as benevolent lower deities who bestow fertility on plants, the reproduction of livestock, health, and the power of prophecy.

Nymphs follow Artemis, the goddess of the hunt, and spend their days playing in the mountains and fields. In contrast to virgin goddesses, they are very active in love (the pathological term nymphomania is derived from this). They are loved by powerful gods such as Zeus, Apollo, and Hermes, but they also flirt with lustful fauns such as Pan, Silenus, and Satyr, and even fall in love with beautiful young men. Echo, a forest nymph, died of exhaustion due to her unrequited love for Narcissus, and Galatea, a sea nymph, made the one-eyed giant Polyphemus fall in love with her. Echenaeus also took away Daphnis's sight when she found out that he had been seduced by another woman, to whom she had sworn faithfulness, and Hercules' servant Hilas was drawn into the water by the nymphs of the Pegai Spring because of his beauty. Eurydice, famous as the wife of Orpheus, is a tree nymph.

Incidentally, the corresponding Latin word lympha means "clear water," so ancient people named this transparent bodily fluid lymph, in contrast to colored blood.

[Tetsuro Nakatsuka]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ギリシア神話の自然界の精。その性質やすみかによって、川や泉の精(ナイアデス)、水の精(ヒアデス)、樫(かし)または木一般の精(ドリアデス)、トネリコの精(メリアイ)、山の精(オレイアデス)、森の精(アルセイデス)、牧場の精(レイモニアデス)などに分けられるが、このほかアケロオス川の精(アケロイデス)、ニサ山の精(ニシアデス)、アレトゥサの泉の精(同名)、ロードス島の精(ロデ)のように、地名と結び付いたものもある。ギリシア語のnymphēが「若妻、若い娘」を意味するように、神話上のニンフはすべて美しい女性であり、神でも人間でもなく、また不老長寿ではあるが不死ではない。民間信仰では、草木の栄えや家畜の繁殖、健康、預言の力などを授けてくれる恵み深い下位神格として、森や祠(ほこら)などに祀(まつ)られていた。

 ニンフたちは狩りの女神アルテミスに従って山野に遊び暮らすが、処女神とは正反対に、恋に対しては非常に積極的で(病理学用語ニンフォマニアnymphomaniaはこれにちなむ)、ゼウスやアポロン、ヘルメスなどの有力な神々の愛を受ける一方、パンやシレノス、サティロスといった好色な牧神たちとも戯れ、人間の美青年にも恋をしかけた。森のニンフのエコー(こだま)はナルキッソスへのかなわぬ恋にやつれ死に、海のニンフのガラテイアは一つ目の巨人ポリフェモスを恋の虜(とりこ)にした。またエケナイスは、誠実を誓ったダフニスがほかの女に誘惑されたことを知って彼の視力を奪い、ヘラクレスの侍童ヒラスはその美しさのために、ペガイの泉のニンフたちによって水の中へ引き込まれた。オルフェウスの妻として名高いエウリディケは、木のニンフである。

 なお、これにあたるラテン語リンパlymphaが「澄んだ水」を意味することから、古人は色のついた血液に対し、透明な体液をリンパ液と名づけた。

[中務哲郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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