A philosophical movement that emerged in England in the 17th and 18th centuries in opposition to rationalism. In terms of the history of philosophy, it is used in opposition to continental rationalism and German idealism. It judges the validity of all philosophical concepts based on the evidence of human experience, and is generally considered to have been founded by Locke, but its origins can be found in Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton. This theory was developed by Berkeley, Hume, and their successors after Locke. Their interests were (1) the origin of ideas, and (2) the exploration of the possibility of truth. Locke opposed the theory of inherent ideas at the time, and taught that the mind is originally a blank slate (→ tabula rasa) and that its contents are obtained through sensation and reflection. This tendency was developed into Berkeley's subjective idealism, which held that "to be is to be perceived (esse est percipi)," and further led to Hume's agnosticism, which denied the metaphysical objectivity of cognition. This idea of asserting the right of human rationality formed the basis for the formation of civil society at the time, provided the ideological foundations for the French Revolution, and gave rise to Kantian philosophy in Germany. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
合理論と拮抗する形で 17~18世紀のイギリスに現れた哲学思潮。哲学史的分類としては,大陸合理論,ドイツ観念論などに対して用いられる。すべての哲学概念の有効性を人間経験の裏づけから判断するもので,一般にロックを確立者とするが,淵源はすでにフランシス・ベーコンやアイザック・ニュートンにある。この説はロック以後バークリー,ヒュームおよびその後継者により展開された。その関心事は,(1) 観念の起源,(2) 真実の可能性の探究にあった。ロックは当時の本有観念説に反対し,心は元来白紙 (→タブラ・ラサ ) で,その内容は感覚と反省から得られると説いた。この傾向は,「在るとは知覚されること (エッセ・エスト・ペルキピ ) 」であるとするバークリーの主観的観念論に展開され,さらには認識の形而上学的客観性を否定するヒュームの不可知論にいたった。このような人間の合理性の権利を主張する考えは,当時の市民社会形成の基盤ともなり,フランス革命を思想的に準備し,ドイツではカント哲学を生み出した。
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