Solar radiation is thermal energy radiated from the sun and poured onto the earth. As it passes through the earth's atmosphere, it is scattered by air molecules and dust particles, while being absorbed by ozone, carbon dioxide (carbonic gas), and water vapor. The remaining solar radiation reaches the earth's surface and warms it and the oceans. Therefore, the energy of solar radiation is not only the source of various natural phenomena that occur in the atmosphere and oceans, but is also deeply connected to crop growth and public health. Solar radiation is expressed in kilowatts per square meter for instantaneous values, and megajoules per square meter for cumulative values (e.g. hourly or daily values). The traditional units of 1 calorie per square centimeter per minute are 0.698 kilowatts per square meter (instantaneous value), and 1 calorie per square centimeter is 0.0419 megajoules per square meter (cumulative value). The amount of solar radiation outside the atmosphere that is not scattered or absorbed by the atmosphere, expressed as the energy received by a plane facing the sun, is approximately 1.4 kilowatts per square meter (about 2 calories per square centimeter per minute). This is called the solar constant. The solar constant is determined from measurements on mountains where there is little fine dust or water vapor in the air. Nowadays, more accurate values can be obtained using satellites and other methods. The amount of solar radiation that reaches a horizontal surface on the ground from the entire sky, including the sun, is called global horizontal radiation, or simply global solar radiation. Usually, when people talk about solar radiation, they are referring to this global amount of solar radiation. The amount of solar radiation that is not from the entire sky, but simply from the sun, that enters at a right angle to the sun's rays is called direct solar radiation. Comparing the amount of direct solar radiation outside the atmosphere with the amount of direct solar radiation on the ground allows us to know the degree of atmospheric turbidity, so it is used to investigate volcanic eruptions, air pollution, and long-term climate changes. [Masaji Ohta and Hiroshi Matano] Monthly average daily total solar radiationAccording to the average values (units: megajoules per square meter) measured around Japan from the start of statistics through 2000, the maximum value in Sapporo, Hokkaido was 18.4 in June and the minimum was 4.8 in December, while in Tokyo the maximum value was 16.1 in May and the minimum was 7.4 in December. Additionally, on Ishigaki Island in the Yaeyama Islands of Okinawa Prefecture the maximum value was 22.4 in July and the minimum was 8.9 in January. [Masaji Ohta and Hiroshi Matano] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
太陽から放射されて地球に注がれる熱エネルギー。日射は地球大気を通ってくる間に空気分子や塵埃(じんあい)により散乱され、一方、オゾン、二酸化炭素(炭酸ガス)、水蒸気によって吸収される。残りの日射は地表に達し、地表や海面を暖める。したがって日射のエネルギーは大気や海洋におこるいろいろな自然現象の根源になるばかりでなく、農作物の生育や保健衛生などと深いつながりをもっている。 日射量は瞬間値については1平方メートル当りのキロワットで、また、積算値(たとえば1時間値、1日値など)については1平方メートル当りのメガジュールで表す。なお、従来用いられてきた1カロリー・毎平方センチメートル・毎分は0.698キロワット・毎平方メートル(瞬間値)、1カロリー・毎平方センチメートルは0.0419メガジュール・毎平方メートル(積算値)である。大気の散乱や吸収を受けない大気外の日射量を、太陽に向けた平面の受けるエネルギーで表すと、およそ1.4キロワット・毎平方メートル(約2カロリー・毎平方センチメートル・毎分)となる。これを太陽定数という。太陽定数は、空気中に細塵や水蒸気の少ない山の上などで測定した結果から求める。現在は人工衛星などによっていっそう正確な値が求められるようになった。 太陽を含めて全天から地上の水平面にやってくる日射量を水平面全天日射量、または単に全天日射量という。普通、日射量といえばこの全天日射量をさすことが多い。全天からではなくて、単に太陽からのみの放射が太陽光線に直角に入射する日射量を直達日射量という。大気外の直達日射量と地上での直達日射量とを比較することによって、大気の混濁の程度を知ることができるので、火山噴火、大気汚染などの調査に利用され、また気候の長期変動の調査にも利用される。 [大田正次・股野宏志] 全天日射量の月平均日量統計開始から2000年(平成12)までの、日本各地で測定された平均値(単位メガジュール・毎平方メートル)によれば、北海道の札幌での最大値は6月の18.4、最小値は12月の4.8、東京での最大値は5月の16.1、最小値は12月の7.4、また、沖縄県八重山(やえやま)列島の石垣島での最大値は7月の22.4、最小値は1月の8.9となっている。 [大田正次・股野宏志] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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