Japanese immigrants with American citizenship and their descendants. This usually refers to people who emigrated between the late 19th century and before World War II and their descendants. The first group of contract immigrants went to Hawaii in 1868 as laborers. Then, between the late 1900s and 1920, many "picture brides" were sent by immigration companies to be married to men who had settled there earlier. As immigrants settled there, anti-Japanese sentiment grew, and in 1908 the Japan-US Gentlemen's Agreement was signed, greatly restricting economic activity. In 1924, the Japanese Exclusion Act was passed, completely banning immigration from Japan. When the Pacific War broke out, only Japanese Americans were sent to internment camps such as Manzanar as they were considered enemy aliens (Germans and Italians were not sent). Meanwhile, about 33,300 second-generation Japanese served as American soldiers. After the war, the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL, founded in 1930) lobbied for the Walter-McCarran Act, which was enacted in 1952 and allowed Japanese immigrants to live in the country again. In the 1970s, young members of the JACL led a movement to demand compensation for the treatment they received during the war, which resulted in individual compensation being granted in 1990. As the social status of Japanese Americans in the United States changes, Japan-U.S. relations become closer, and generations change within the Japanese American community, the meaning of "Japan" in the Japanese American community is also changing. → Related articlesSaruya Kaname Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information |
米国国籍の日本移民,およびその子孫。たいていは19世紀後半から第2次大戦前までの間に移住した人々とその子孫をさす。1868年ハワイに労働者として渡った契約移民の一団が最初とされる。やがて1900年後半から1920年には,先に定住した男性の結婚相手として,多くの〈写真花嫁〉が移民会社により送りこまれた。その後移民の定着が進むにつれ排日気運が高まり,1908年日米紳士協約が締結され,経済活動が大幅に制限された。1924年には排日移民法が成立,日本からの移住は完全に禁止された。太平洋戦争が勃発すると,敵性国人であるとして日系アメリカ人だけがマンザナーManzanarなどの強制収容所に送られた(ドイツ系,イタリア系は送られなかった)。その一方で約3万3300人の二世がアメリカ兵として従軍。戦後,全米日系市民協会Japanese American Citizens League(略称JACL,1930年結成)の働きかけにより,1952年ウォルター=マッカラン法が制定され,再び日本からの移民が認められた。1970年代に入ると,JACLの若者を中心に戦争中の処遇に対する補償要求運動が起こり,その結果1990年から個人補償が実現。日系人の米国における社会的地位の変化や日米関係の親密化,また日系人社会における世代交代が進むにつれ,日系人社会における〈日本〉の意味合いも変化してきている。 →関連項目猿谷要 出典 株式会社平凡社百科事典マイペディアについて 情報 |
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