Comte de Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Maurice Clérel

Japanese: トックビル - とっくびる(英語表記)Comte de Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Maurice Clérel
Comte de Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Maurice Clérel

French political scientist, historian, and politician. Born into a distinguished aristocratic family in Normandy, he served as an associate judge at the Court of Versailles from 1827 to 1830. A liberal thinker, he accepted the monarchy of Louis Philippe (Citizen King). From 1831 to 1832, he traveled around North America for about nine months while inspecting the American penal system, and after returning to the United States, he published De la Démocratie en Amérique (Democracy in America) in two volumes (1835, 1840). This work discusses democracy, a trend in the modern world, especially the progress of equality, from the perspective of its impact on politics, society, and culture, and its analysis and insight predicted the emergence of today's "mass society." This work earned him the reputation of being the "Montesquieu of the 19th century." He was elected to the National Assembly in 1839, and after the February Revolution he became a member of the Constituent Assembly and then the Legislative Assembly. In 1849 he briefly served as Foreign Minister in Barro's cabinet. During the July Dynasty, he was prominent in his parliamentary activities, such as his involvement in the abolition of slavery and the colonial problem of Algeria. In December 1851, he was arrested and imprisoned for opposing Louis Napoleon's coup d'état, and thereafter retired from politics to concentrate on historical research. He wrote Souvenirs , a retrospective of his parliamentary activities from 1850 to 1851, which highlights the diverse activities of contemporary politicians and is of great historical value. In his historical work L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution (1856), he viewed the Revolution as the result of the despotism that had followed Louis XIV, and therefore emphasized the necessity of a "spirit of liberty" in political life. At the root of this work was a criticism of the dictatorship of Napoleon III. He died in Cannes, where he had been recuperating from tuberculosis.

[Takeshi Nakatani]

"Democracy in America" ​​by Tocqueville, translated by Ii Gentaro (Kodansha Academic Library)

[References] | Mass Society | The French Revolution

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの政治学者、歴史家、政治家。ノルマンディーの由緒ある貴族の生まれで、1827~1830年にベルサイユ裁判所の陪席判事を務めた。自由主義思想の持ち主であり、ルイ・フィリップ(市民王)の王政を容認した。1831~1832年にかけて約9か月間、アメリカ行刑制度の視察のかたわら北アメリカを遊歴し、帰国後『アメリカにおけるデモクラシー』De la Démocratie en Amérique2巻(1835、1840)を発表した。この著作は、近代世界の趨勢(すうせい)であるデモクラシー、とくに平等化の進展を政治・社会・文化に及ぼす影響の観点から論述したもので、その分析と洞察力によって今日の「大衆社会」の出現を予言している。この著作によって「19世紀のモンテスキュー」と評価された。1839年下院議員に当選し、二月革命後制憲議会議員、ついで立法議会議員となり、1849年にはバロー内閣の外相を短期間務めた。七月王朝期の議員活動では奴隷制廃止問題やアルジェリア植民地問題への取り組みが目だつ。1851年12月ルイ・ナポレオンのクーデターに反対して逮捕・投獄され、以後政界を退き歴史研究に専念した。1850~1851年に議会活動を回顧した『回想録』Souvenirsを書いたが、そこには同時代の政治家たちの多彩な活動が浮き彫りにされており史料的価値が高い。歴史著作『旧制度と革命』L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution(1856)では、革命はルイ14世以降の専制政治の帰結としてとらえられ、したがって政治生活での「自由の精神」の不可欠性が強調された。この著作の根底にはナポレオン3世の独裁制への批判があった。結核のため転地療養先のカンヌで没した。

[中谷 猛]

『トクヴィル著、井伊玄太郎訳『アメリカの民主政治』上中下(講談社学術文庫)』

[参照項目] | 大衆社会 | フランス革命

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