Nikon (English spelling)

Japanese: ニコン（英語表記）Nikon

Born: 1605. Beridemanovo, Nizhny Novgorod
Died: August 27, 1681. Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church of Yaroslavl (in office 1652-66). Secular name Nikita Minov. He strengthened the authority of the Russian Orthodox Church and carried out reforms, which led to the schism (Raskol). The son of a Moldovan peasant, he became a monk, and caught the eye of Tsar Alexei I, who appointed him Metropolitan of Novgorod in 1648 and Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia in 1652. He then began to revise the rites and prayer books of the Russian Orthodox Church according to the style used in Greece, and despite strong opposition from within the church and the people, he got the reform proposal approved at a religious council in 1654, giving rise to the schismatic faction (Raskolnik). After Alexei went to the front in the Polish war that year, he was entrusted with national affairs and became the de facto ruler of Moscow. However, his arrogant attitude caused resentment within the church and at court, and when the emperor returned from the battlefield, he confronted him by asserting the superiority of the Patriarchate, and although his church reforms were approved at the Great Council of the Greek Orthodox Church held in Moscow in 66, he was stripped of his position and exiled to Beloozero as a monk. He was recalled from exile by the next emperor, Fyodor III, but died on the way back to Moscow.

Nikon
NIKON CORPORATION

An optical equipment manufacturer known worldwide for its high-end single-lens reflex cameras. In 1917, with investment from Mitsubishi Limited Partnership, the company merged optical companies such as the Optical Equipment Division of Tokyo Keiki Seisakusho and the Reflector Division of Iwaki Glass Manufacturing Co., Ltd. to form Nippon Kogaku Kogyo. In the same year, the company merged with Fujii Lens Manufacturing Co., Ltd. The company produces cameras known as "Nikon," as well as microscopes, surveying instruments, telescopes, and eyeglass lenses. It established local companies in the United States in 1953, Switzerland in 1961, the Netherlands in 1968, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in 1971, Canada in 1978, and the United Kingdom in 1979, and has since expanded into overseas markets, including the Republic of Korea (South Korea), China, India, and Russia. In recent years, the company has also expanded its production of semiconductor-related equipment. The company changed its name to Nikon in 1988.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1605. ニジニーノブゴロド，ベリデマノボ
[没]1681.8.27. ヤロスラブリ
ロシア正教会の総主教 (在職 1652～66) 。俗名 Nikita Minov。ロシア正教会の権威強化と改革を断行し，教会分裂 (ラスコール) を引起した。モルドバ農民の息子に生れ修道士となり，皇帝アレクセイ1世の目にとまって，1648年ノブゴロド府主教，続いて 52年モスクワおよび全ロシア総主教に任命された。以後，ギリシアで行われていた様式に従ってロシア正教会の儀式と祈祷書の改訂に着手，教会内部と民衆の強い反対を押切って 54年宗教会議で改革案を承認させ，分離派 (ラスコーリニク) を生じさせた。その年ポーランドの戦争でアレクセイが戦線に出たのちは国政をゆだねられて事実上モスクワの支配者となった。しかし，その傲慢な態度は教会内部と宮廷で反感を買い，戦場から帰った皇帝に総主教権の優位を主張して対立，66年モスクワで開かれたギリシア正教会の大会議で，その教会改革を承認されながらも職を剥奪され，ベロオーゼロに一修道士として流された。次帝フョードル3世によって流刑地から召喚されたが，モスクワへの帰途没した。

ニコン
NIKON CORPORATION

高級一眼レフカメラで世界的に知られる光学機器メーカー。1917年三菱合資会社の出資により東京計器製作所光学器部，岩城硝子製造所反射鏡部などの光学会社を統合して日本光学工業を設立。同 1917年藤井レンズ製造所を合併。「ニコン」で知られるカメラを中心に顕微鏡，測量機，望遠鏡，眼鏡レンズなどを生産する。1953年アメリカ合衆国，1961年スイス，1968年オランダ，1971年ドイツ連邦共和国（西ドイツ），1978年カナダ，1979年イギリスに現地会社を設立，その後も大韓民国（韓国），中国，インド，ロシアなどに進出し，海外市場での活躍も目立つ。近年，半導体関連機器の製造も拡大。1988年ニコンに社名変更。

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