Dualism - nigenron (English spelling) dualism

Japanese: 二元論 - にげんろん(英語表記)dualism
Dualism - nigenron (English spelling) dualism
A religious worldview or philosophical theory based on two different principles that are mutually irreducible. Th. Hyde first used the term in Historia religionis veterum Persarum (1700) to describe the characteristics of ancient Persian religion, which had two supreme principles, good and evil. Zoroastrianism saw the world as a struggle between Ahura Mazda, the god of light, and Ahriman, the god of darkness, who came to be considered as good and evil, creator and destroyer. This idea, inherited by Manichaeism, influenced Judaism, as seen in the Qumran manuscripts (→ Qumran sect), and even the Albigensian heresy of the 12th and 13th centuries. Dualism, such as sacred and profane, this shore and the other shore, is found in almost all religions. In philosophy, C. Wolff was the first to call Cartesian philosophy, which reduces everything to two substances, mind and matter, dualism. This type of mind-body dualism is seen in Plato, the Neoplatons, Locke, the contingentists, Leibniz, and others, as well as in the Oriental schools such as the Samkhya and Jainism. Epistemologically, there are dualisms that correspond to this, such as reason and sensation, and theology's dualism of revelation and humanity (faith and reason if moral aspects are included). Other notable dualisms include Empedocles' love and hate, Anaxagoras' passive substance and active nous, Plato's world of ideas and the world of the senses, Aristotle's theory of form and matter, Kant's thing-in-itself and phenomenon, and Chinese yin and yang. Spinoza's monism also considers thought and extension to be two attributes of substance, and this theory of the parallelism of matter and mind can be seen as a relative dualism.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
異質で相互に還元不可能な2つの原理を基礎とする宗教的世界観や哲学説などのこと。 Th.ハイドが『古代ペルシア宗教史』 Historia religionis veterum Persarum (1700) で善悪2つの至高原理をもつ古代ペルシア宗教の特色を示すのに初めてこの語を用いた。ゾロアスター教は世界を光の神アフラ・マズダと暗黒の神アーリマンの闘争とみ,やがて両者は善と悪,創造者と破壊者と考えられるにいたった。マニ教に受継がれたこの思想は,クムラン写本 (→クムラン教団 ) にみられるようにユダヤ教に,さらに遠く 12~13世紀のアルビ派異端にまで影響を及ぼした。聖と俗,彼岸と此岸などの二元性はほとんどすべての宗教にみられる。哲学では C.ウォルフが精神と物体の2つの実体に一切を還元するデカルト哲学を二元論と呼んだのが最初。この型の心身二元論はプラトン,新プラトン派,ロック,偶因論者,ライプニッツらのほか,東洋でもサーンキヤ学派,ジャイナ教などにみられる。認識論的にもこれに対応する理性と感覚,神学における啓示と人間性 (道徳的局面まで含めれば信仰と理性) の二元論などがある。ほかにエンペドクレスの愛と憎しみ,アナクサゴラスの受動的実体と能動的なヌース,プラトンのイデア界と感覚的世界,アリストテレスの形相・質料論,カントの物自体と現象,中国の陰陽などが著名な二元論である。またスピノザの一元論は思惟と延長を実体の2つの属性としており,この物心平行論は相対的二元論とみることができる。

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