It is a part of the skeletal system, belongs to the supporting tissue, and is composed of a large amount of intercellular matrix (matrix) that fills the spaces between cartilage cells. What makes it different from other supporting tissues (connective tissue, bone tissue, etc.) is that there are no blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, or nerves in the intercellular matrix of cartilage tissue, and metabolic material transfer occurs by diffusion into the intercellular matrix. Cartilage is classified into hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage based on the collagen fibers and elastic fibers present in the intercellular matrix. Most cartilage in the body is hyaline cartilage, including articular cartilage, costal cartilage, cartilage of the airway, and the skeletal parts of fetuses. The intercellular matrix of hyaline cartilage is translucent and appears structureless at first glance, but fine collagen fibers run vertically and horizontally, and the intercellular matrix contains sulfate mucoproteins (a complex protein of protein and chondroitin sulfate). It also contains 60 to 80% water. Elastic cartilage contains a large amount of elastic fibers in the intercellular matrix and has remarkable elasticity. This includes the cartilage of the ear, external auditory canal, and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage has a large amount of thick collagen fibers running vertically and horizontally through the interstitium, and includes the intervertebral disc, the symphysis of the pubic symphysis, and some articular cartilage. Except for the parts facing the joints, cartilage is covered by perichondrium, which is made of dense connective tissue. Cartilage functions in a variety of ways: like articular cartilage, it prevents friction between bone ends and acts as a shock absorber that can support large weights; it also serves as a flexible framework like the ear, and as a foundation for resistance to pressure like costal cartilage and pubic symphysis cartilage. Cartilage is also related to bone growth, so it responds sensitively to metabolic disorders such as malnutrition. Therefore, cartilage is also used as an indicator in these tests. [Kazuyo Shimai] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
骨格系の一部をなすもので、支持組織に属し、軟骨細胞と軟骨細胞間を埋めている多量の細胞間質(基質)で構成されている。他の支持組織(結合組織、骨組織など)と異なる点は、軟骨組織の細胞間質内には血管、リンパ管、神経などが存在しないことで、新陳代謝の物質移動は細胞間質への拡散によって行われている。軟骨は、細胞間質内に存在する膠原(こうげん)線維や弾性線維によって硝子(しょうし)軟骨、弾性軟骨、線維軟骨が区別されている。身体の中の大部分の軟骨は硝子軟骨で、関節軟骨、肋(ろく)軟骨、気道の軟骨、胎児の骨格部分がこれにあたる。硝子軟骨の細胞間質は半透明で、一見、無構造を示すが、微細な膠原線維が縦横に走り、間質は硫酸ムコタンパク(タンパクとコンドロイチン硫酸との複合タンパク)を含んでいる。また、水分も60~80%含まれている。弾性軟骨は間質内に多量の弾性線維を含み、著しい弾力性をもっている。耳介、外耳道、喉頭蓋(こうとうがい)の軟骨がこれに属している。線維軟骨は間質内を多量の太い膠原線維が縦横に走っており、椎間(ついかん)円板、恥骨結合の結合部、一部の関節軟骨がこれに属している。 軟骨は関節に面した部分を除いて、緻密(ちみつ)な結合組織からなる軟骨膜に包まれている。軟骨の働きは、関節軟骨のように骨端の摩擦を防ぐと同時に大きな重量を支持する緩衝装置の役を果たすほか、耳介のように柔軟な骨組ともなるし、肋軟骨、恥骨結合の軟骨のように圧力に対する抵抗力の基盤ともなる。軟骨は骨の成長にも関係があるため、栄養不良などの代謝障害では敏感に反応する。したがって、軟骨はこれら検査の指標ともされる。 [嶋井和世] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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