Napoleon's Code

Japanese: ナポレオン法典 - なぽれおんほうてん(英語表記)Code Napoléon
Napoleon's Code

The French Civil Code was enacted by Napoleon, who used his great political power to order the drafting of the code by four editors (Tronchet, Bigot de Prehamnou, Marville, and Portalis). It was promulgated in 1804. It consists of three books and 2281 articles (two articles were added in 1975, making it a total of 2283 articles). The absoluteness of ownership, the principle of freedom of contract, and the principle of liability for negligence, which are fundamental principles of modern civil law, became models for civil codes enacted in other countries afterwards. The Napoleonic Code also has a strong influence on Japan's current civil code through the old civil code. Since its enactment, it has been amended by various legislation and supplemented by case law (particularly the parts relating to the family have been completely revised several times since 1960), but the code itself is still in effect today. Although the name Napoleon's Code has not yet been abolished, the name "Code civil" has come into official use since the end of the 19th century, and this name is more commonly used today.

The five codes enacted by Napoleon (the Civil Code, Commercial Code, Code of Civil Procedure, Code of Penal Code, and Code of Criminal Procedure) are sometimes collectively referred to as the Napoleonic Code.

[Yasuyuki Takahashi]

[References] | Napoleon (I) | Portalis | Civil Code

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ナポレオンが4人の編纂(へんさん)委員(トロンシェ、ビゴ・ド・プレアムヌー、マルビル、ポルタリス)に起草を命じ、強大な政治力を利用して制定したフランス民法典。1804年公布。3編2281条(1975年に2か条付加されて現在は2283条)からなる。この法典のとっている所有権の絶対性、契約自由の原則、過失責任主義などの立場は、近代市民法の基本的原理として、その後に制定された各国の民法典の模範となった。日本の現行民法にもナポレオン法典は旧民法を通じて強い影響を与えている。制定以後、さまざまな立法による修正や判例法による補充を受けてきたが(ことに家族に関する部分は1960年以降の数次の改正で全面的に改まっている)、法典そのものは今日でも生き続けている。なお、ナポレオン法典という名称は、まだ廃止されていないが、19世紀末ごろから「民法典」Code civilという名称が公式にも用いられるようになってきており、今日ではこの名称を用いるほうが普通である。

 また、ナポレオンの制定した五つの法典(民法典のほか、商法典、民事訴訟法典、刑法典、刑事訴訟法典)を総称してナポレオン法典とよぶこともある。

[高橋康之]

[参照項目] | ナポレオン(1世) | ポルタリス | 民法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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