This refers to a specialized surgical department that treats surgical diseases of children under the age of 15, primarily newborns (up to 4 weeks old, although sometimes it refers to those under 1 month old), infants (up to 12 months old), and toddlers (up to 6 years old). Regardless of whether it is in the East or the West, pediatric surgery (Japan), pediatric surgery (China), pediatric surgery (British and American), and Kinder Chirurgie (Germany) all refer to general pediatric surgery, and mainly treats a wide variety of surgical diseases specific to this stage, such as congenital morphological abnormalities of the internal organs, such as congenital esophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, congenital intestinal atresia, congenital biliary atresia, anorectal malformation, congenital gastroschisis, Hirschsprung's disease, inguinal hernia (hernia), and congenital lung disease, as well as hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, intussusception, and solid malignant tumors (neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumor, hepatic malignant tumor, teratoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, etc.). As the saying goes, "babies are not miniature adults," the bodies of children, especially newborns and infants, have very different physiological processes from those of adults. Therefore, when treating children with certain illnesses, it is necessary to take this peculiarity into consideration and treat the various illnesses specific to this age. It is against this background that the clinical field of internal medicine for children, that is, "pediatrics (pediatric internal medicine)," was born from the clinical field of "internal medicine," and the clinical field of "pediatric surgery" was derived from "surgery." In other words, there is a relationship between "pediatrics (pediatric internal medicine)" and "pediatric surgery" similar to the relationship between "internal medicine" and "surgery," which is the field where internal medicine diseases in adults are treated and "surgery" is the field where surgical diseases are treated. Globally, the concept of pediatric surgery or pediatric surgeon was born around 1900, but the foundation of modern pediatric surgery was established in the 1920s, and it owes much to William Ladd of the United States and Denis Brown of the United Kingdom. Surgeons who learned from these people (pediatric surgeons) brought modern pediatric surgery to fruition in the United States and European countries. However, it is said that it was after World War II that the field really made rapid progress. Meanwhile, in Japan, the concept was introduced in the 1950s, twenty years after the developed Western countries, and it took root thanks to the efforts of a few pioneering surgeons. Since then, this new clinical field has gradually been recognized not only by medical professionals but also by the general public, and the Japanese Society of Pediatric Surgeons (established in 1964) was established as a forum for academic discussion, and the Department of Surgery at the National Children's Hospital (opened in 1965) and the Department of Pediatric Surgery at Juntendo University Hospital (opened in 1966) were established as specialized clinical sites. Since then, the academic and practical development of pediatric surgery in Japan has been rapid, and today its academic level is comparable to that of the developed countries of Europe and the United States. In addition, it is now possible to receive specialized pediatric surgery in most major cities throughout the country. In response to this, pediatric surgery was approved as a medical specialty under the Medical Care Act in October 1978, and the Japanese Society of Pediatric Surgeons launched the pediatric surgeon certification system in May 1979. As of January 2000, there are 215 pediatric surgery instructors and 397 certified pediatric surgeons nationwide who are training surgeons aiming to become certified pediatric surgeons. As of January 2000, 100 facilities and hospitals nationwide that meet a certain level of both ability and equipment for pediatric surgery have been recognized by the Japanese Society of Pediatric Surgeons as pediatric surgery certified facilities. [Hirai Yoshinori] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
15歳未満の小児のうち、おもに新生児(生後4週間以内。まれに1か月以内をさすこともある)、乳児(生後12か月以内)、および幼児(6歳まで)の外科的疾患の診療にあたる外科系専門診療科をいう。洋の東西を問わず、小児外科(日本)、小儿外科(中国)、pediatric surgery(英米)、Kinder Chirurgie(ドイツ)は、いずれも小児の一般外科を意味し、おもに内臓の先天性形態異常、すなわち先天性食道閉鎖、先天性横隔膜ヘルニア、先天性腸閉鎖、先天性胆道閉鎖、直腸肛門(こうもん)奇形、先天性腹壁破裂、ヒルシュスプルング病、鼠径(そけい)ヘルニア(脱腸)、先天性肺疾患などのほか、肥厚性幽門狭窄(きょうさく)症、腸重積症、固形悪性腫瘍(しゅよう)(神経芽腫、ウィルムス腫、肝悪性腫、奇形腫、横紋筋肉腫など)など、多様多岐にわたるこの時期特有の外科的疾患の診療を行う。「赤ちゃんは大人のミニチュアではない」といわれているように、小児、ことに新生児・乳児の身体は、大人とは非常に異なった生理を営んでいる。したがって、なんらかの疾病にかかっている小児の診療にあたっては、この特異性に十分な配慮をし、この時期特有の種々な疾病の治療をする必要がある。こうした事情を背景にして、「内科」という臨床分野から小児を対象とする内科、すなわち「小児科(小児内科)」という臨床分野が生まれ、「外科」から「小児外科」という臨床分野が派生したわけである。いいかえるならば、大人の内科的疾患の診療を行う場が「内科」であり、外科的疾患の診療を行う場が「外科」であるのと同様の関連が、「小児科(小児内科)」と「小児外科」の間にあるといえる。 世界的にみて、小児外科ないし小児外科医という概念が生まれたのは1900年前後であるが、近代小児外科の基盤ができたのは1920年代であり、アメリカのウィリアム・ラッドWilliam Laddならびにイギリスのデニス・ブラウンDenis Brownに負うところが大きい。この人たちの教えを受けた外科医(小児外科医)が、アメリカやヨーロッパ諸国で現代の小児外科を開花させた。しかし、真に急速な進歩発展をみたのは第二次世界大戦以後といわれている。一方、わが国では欧米先進国に遅れること二十数年、1950年代になって初めてこの概念が導入され、二、三の先駆的外科医の努力によってその萌芽(ほうが)をみた。その後、この新しい臨床分野は、医療従事者だけでなく、広く一般社会の人々にもすこしずつ認識されるようになり、その学問的討議の場として、日本小児外科学会(1964設立)、専門診療の場として国立小児病院(1965開院)外科、順天堂大学附属順天堂医院小児外科(1966開設)などが生まれた。以後、わが国の小児外科の学問および実地診療両面での充実発展は急速で、今日、その学問的水準は欧米先進諸国のそれに比肩しうるまでになっている。また、全国主要都市のほとんどでは、小児外科の専門診療を受けることが可能となっている。これに伴い、1978年(昭和53)10月には、医療法上の診療科目として「小児外科」が認可され、1979年5月から日本小児外科学会による小児外科認定医制度が発足している。2000年1月現在、この小児外科認定医を目ざす外科医を指導するための小児外科指導医215名および小児外科認定医397名が全国に存在している。また、2000年1月現在、同制度に基づき、小児外科診療に関する能力、設備の両面において一定以上の水準にある、全国で100か所の施設・病院が、小児外科認定施設として日本小児外科学会から認められている。 [平井慶徳] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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