Naphthalene - naphthalene

Japanese: ナフタレン - なふたれん(英語表記)naphthalene
Naphthalene - naphthalene

Along with benzene, it is one of the most well-known aromatic hydrocarbons. It is also called naphthalene. It is highly volatile even at room temperature, has a distinctive odor, and is used as an insect repellent. It is a colorless plate-like crystal. It is insoluble in water, but dissolves in various organic solvents. It is the component found in the greatest amount in coal tar, and precipitates as crystals when naphthalene oil is forcibly cooled. Petroleum-based raw materials include heavy cracked oil and naphtha cracked oil.

It exhibits electrophilic substitution reactions characteristic of aromatic compounds. For example, it is halogenated and nitrated at the α-position (1st position) by halogens and nitric acid, and is sulfonated mainly at the β-position (2nd position) at high temperatures and at the α-position at low temperatures when reacted with concentrated sulfuric acid. The resulting naphthalenesulfonic acid gives α- and β-naphthols when fused with alkali. Furthermore, heating β-naphthol with ammonia and ammonium sulfite under pressure gives α- and β-naphthylamines (Bucherer reaction). These substituted derivatives of naphthalene are used as dye intermediates, as well as in the manufacture of synthetic resins and surfactants ( Figure ). The air oxidation of naphthalene using vanadium pentoxide as a catalyst is an industrial method for the production of phthalic anhydride. Phthalic anhydride is used to produce anthraquinone and anthranilic acid, which are further used to synthesize indanthrene dyes. Naphthalene can also be hydrogenated to produce tetralin and decalin, which are useful solvents.

[Mukai Toshio]

[References] | Benzene | Aromaticity [Supplementary information] | Naphthalene (Data Note)
Reaction of naphthalene (diagram)
©Shogakukan ">

Reaction of naphthalene (diagram)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ベンゼンとともに、代表的な芳香族炭化水素の一つ。ナフタリンともいう。室温でも揮発性に富み、特有のにおいを有し防虫剤として用いられる。無色の板状結晶。水には不溶だが各種有機溶剤に溶ける。石炭タール中にもっとも多量に含まれる成分で、ナフタリン油を強制冷却すると結晶として析出する。石油系の原料としては重質分解油、ナフサ分解油などがある。

 芳香族化合物に特徴的な求電子置換反応を示す。たとえば、ハロゲン、硝酸によりα(アルファ)-位(1位)にハロゲン化、ニトロ化を受け、濃硫酸との反応においては高温では主としてβ(ベータ)-位(2位)で、また低温ではα-位にスルホン化を受ける。得られたナフタレンスルホン酸は、アルカリ融解によりα-およびβ-ナフトールを与える。さらにβ-ナフトールを加圧下でアンモニア、亜硫酸アンモニウムと加熱するとα-およびβ-ナフチルアミンが導かれる(ブッヘラー反応)。これらナフタレンの置換誘導体は、染料中間体、また合成樹脂、界面活性剤の製造に用いられる()。五酸化バナジウムを触媒とするナフタレンの空気酸化は無水フタル酸の工業的製造法である。無水フタル酸からアントラキノンやアントラニル酸が導かれ、さらにインダンスレン系染料が合成される。またナフタレンを水素化すると、有用な溶剤であるテトラリンやデカリンを生成する。

[向井利夫]

[参照項目] | ベンゼン | 芳香族性[補完資料] | ナフタレン(データノート)
ナフタレンの反応〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

ナフタレンの反応〔図〕


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