melancholia

Japanese: melancholia
melancholia

...However, after the age of 20, the blood vessels become filled with an abundant amount of blood, making it difficult for mucus to flow in, and therefore attacks become rare (Hippocrates, On the Sacred Diseases). It is also well known that melancholia, which corresponds to today's depression, is caused by an excess of black bile in the body, and its name comes from the Greek words melan (black) and cholē (bile) (melancholia). Depending on which humors are dominant, they also serve as a standard for categorizing an individual's mental characteristics, and from this came the four famous temperaments: phlegmatic, bloody (or sanguine), black bile, and choleric.

From [Melancholy]

…It was originally used as a medical term in ancient Greece and Rome, and this tradition has been continued in the field of psychiatry even today, two thousand years later, and to that extent the meaning is narrowed down to “depression”. As the name is a combination of the Greek words melaina or melan (black) and cholē (bile), this disease is caused by an excess of black bile in the body humors, and in Greek it was called melancholia. On the other hand, there is a type of person who is gloomy, lethargic, and slow-moving, and in that case black bile is always considered to be dominant among the four body humors, and this type of temperament was called “black bile-like (melancholikos)”. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "melancholia" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…しかし,20歳を越すと,脈管には豊富な血液が充満するから,粘液の流入が生じにくく,したがって,発作はまれにしか起こらなくなるとされた(ヒッポクラテス《神聖病論》)。また,今日の鬱病(うつびよう)にあたるメランコリアmelancholiaが体内の黒胆汁の過剰から起こり,その名も,ギリシア語のメランmelas(黒い)+コレcholē(胆汁)に由来することなどはよく知られている(メランコリー)。体液は,そのどれが優勢であるかによって,個人の心的特性を類型化する基準にもなり,ここから有名な四つの気質,すなわち,粘液質,血液質(または多血質),黒胆汁質,胆汁質ができあがった。…

【メランコリー】より

…もとは古代ギリシア・ローマで医学用語として使われたのが始まりで,この伝統は二千数百年後の今日も精神医学の分野でなお受け継がれており,その限りでは〈鬱病〉というふうに意味がせばまる。ギリシア語のメライナmelainaまたはメランmelan(黒い)とコレcholē(胆汁)の合成からなることでもわかるように,体液のなかで黒胆汁が過剰になるのがこの病で,ギリシア語ではメランコリアmelancholiaと呼ばれた。他方,陰鬱で無気力で動きののろい人間のタイプもあって,その場合には黒胆汁が4種の体液のうちいつも優位を占めているとみなされ,この種の気質は〈黒胆汁的(メランコリコスmelancholikos)〉という形容詞で呼ばれた。…

※「melancholia」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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