Avalanche - Snowfall

Japanese: 雪崩 - なだれ
Avalanche - Snowfall

It refers to the sudden fall of a large amount of snow. In some regions, it is also called "awa" or "nadé". The French word "avalanche" is also widely used.

[Takao Ando]

Classification

Theoretically, an avalanche occurs when the force that causes the snow to slide down the slope becomes greater than the force supporting the snow. There are many ways to classify avalanches, but they are generally broadly divided into surface avalanches (or fresh snow avalanches) and full-depth avalanches (or bottom avalanches). Surface avalanches occur when there is a lot of fresh snow on the mountain from winter to spring. Full-depth avalanches are a phenomenon in which all the snow accumulated during the winter is washed away at once, and are more common from spring to early summer.

(1) Surface avalanches A typical surface avalanche occurs when a large amount of new snow (15 centimeters or more) piles up on top of old snow and collapses due to some kind of impact. The impact can be caused by a climber stepping on a snow cornice, a rockfall, or even the vibrations of a passing train. There have been records of impact forces as high as 135 tons per square meter, which is enough to easily destroy even concrete structures. This type of avalanche can occur day or night, anywhere, after a heavy snowfall.

(2) Full-depth avalanches These avalanches occur from spring to early summer, and are more likely to occur when a low pressure system passes over the Sea of ​​Japan in spring, when a southerly wind blows and the temperature rises suddenly, or when rain falls and the lower layer of snow becomes loose. When cracks appear in the snow surface and gradually grow larger, there is a risk of a full-depth avalanche. Also, due to the terrain, the locations where full-depth avalanches occur are generally consistent.

[Takao Ando]

Damage and prevention measures

When a large avalanche occurs, it can be accompanied by a violent avalanche wind. The avalanche wind first occurs just behind the avalanche, but eventually overtakes the main body of the avalanche and advances like an explosive wind. In the early hours of February 20, 1936 (Showa 11), an avalanche wind occurred in Udo Valley on the western slope of Kurobe Gorge in Toyama Prefecture, blowing a 70-ton iron bridge spanning the valley to the opposite bank of the Kurobe River, and the aboveground portion of a semi-underground wooden hut on the right bank of the valley was also blown down into the Kurobe River valley. The wind speed of the avalanche wind is estimated to be over 60 meters per second.

There is no absolute way to prevent climbers from becoming lost in an avalanche. Climbing should be avoided when there is a large amount of new snow. When camping in the mountains, choose a location as far away as possible from the main stream. When climbing slopes prone to avalanches, it is best to check the stability of the new snow and act early in the morning, such as before dawn, when the snow is firm.

Avalanche damage is common in snowy areas at the foot of mountains. The largest avalanche damage in Japan occurred on January 9, 1918 (Taisho 7) in the village of Mitsumata (present-day Yuzawa Town), Minamiuonuma County, Niigata Prefecture, when an avalanche 400 meters wide and 300 meters long struck from the mountain behind the village, completely destroying 28 houses and crushing 158 people to death. The largest avalanche damage overseas occurred in January 1962 when a glacier from Mount Huascaran (6,768 meters) in Peru avalanched into a valley, destroying nine villages and crushing to death more than 4,000 residents and several thousand livestock.

General avalanche prevention measures include the construction of sturdy fences and walls, as well as cutting the mountainside into staircases to prevent snow from moving. For houses in avalanche areas, it is best not to cut down large trees around the property to prevent avalanches.

[Takao Ando]

[Reference] | Snow damage | Avalanche wind

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

多量の積雪の急激な落下をいう。地方によってはアワ、ナデなどの名称もある。フランス語のアバランシュavalancheということばも普及している。

[安藤隆夫]

分類

雪崩は理論的には、斜面の積雪を支持している力より、積雪が滑り落ちようとする力のほうが大きくなるときにおこる仕組みとなっている。雪崩には多くの分類法があるが、一般には表層雪崩(または新雪雪崩)と、全層雪崩(または底雪崩)に大別している。表層雪崩は、冬から春にかけて山に多量の新雪があればおこる。また、全層雪崩は、冬の間の積雪が全部一度になだれる現象で、春から初夏にかけてのころに多い。

(1)表層雪崩 表層雪崩の代表的なものは、古い積雪の上に多量(15センチメートル以上)の新雪が積もり、これがなにかの衝撃で崩れるときにおこる。登山者が雪庇(せっぴ)を踏んだり、落石があったり、ときには列車が通る振動などが衝撃となることがある。その衝撃力は1平方メートル当り135トンにも及んだ記録があり、これはコンクリートの構造物でも容易に破壊する力がある。この雪崩は大雪の後には昼夜を問わず、また場所を選ばずどこにでも発生する。

(2)全層雪崩 春から初夏におこるこの雪崩は、春になって日本海を低気圧が通るようなとき、南風が吹いて気温が急に上がったり、また雨が降って積雪の下層が緩んだりするときにおこりやすい。積雪面に割れ目ができ、それがしだいに大きくなるようなときは、全層雪崩のおこる危険がある。また、地形上、全層雪崩のおこる場所はだいたい一定している。

[安藤隆夫]

被害と防止対策

大規模な雪崩がおこるとき、猛烈な雪崩風(なだれかぜ)を伴うことがある。雪崩風は初め雪崩のすぐ背後におこるが、やがて雪崩の本体を追い越して、爆風のように突き進む。1936年(昭和11)2月20日未明に、富山県黒部峡谷西斜面のウド谷でおこった雪崩風は、ウド谷に架かっていた70トンの鉄橋を黒部川の対岸に吹き飛ばし、谷の右岸の半地下式の木造の小屋も、地上部分は黒部川の谷へ吹き落とされている。雪崩風の風速は毎秒60メートル以上と推定されている。

 雪崩による登山者の遭難は、これを防止する絶対的な対策はない。多量の新積雪があったときは、登山は避けるべきである。山で露営するときは、沢の本筋からなるべく遠い所を選ぶ。雪崩のおこりやすい斜面を登るときは、新雪の安定状態を確かめ、雪の締まっている未明など早朝に行動するのがよい。

 雪崩被害は、積雪地帯の山麓(さんろく)に多い。日本でもっとも大きな雪崩の被害は、1918年(大正7)1月9日、新潟県南魚沼(みなみうおぬま)郡三俣(みつまた)村(現在の湯沢町)でおきたもので、村の裏山から幅400メートル、長さ300メートルの雪崩が襲い、28戸の家を全壊させ、158人を圧死させた。外国の被害としては、1962年1月ペルーのワスカラン峰(6768メートル)の氷河が谷になだれ落ち、九つの集落を壊滅させ、4000人以上の住民および数千頭の家畜を圧死させたものが最大といわれている。

 雪崩の一般的な防止策としては、じょうぶな柵(さく)や壁などの防止設備を施すほか、山肌を階段状に削って積雪の移動を防止するなどの方法がとられている。雪崩地帯の家屋などは、屋敷の周囲の巨木は雪崩防止上切らないほうがよい。

[安藤隆夫]

[参照項目] | 雪害 | 雪崩風

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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