For an n-th order square matrix A=(a ij ) whose elements are complex numbers (including the case of real numbers; the same applies below) and a complex number λ, If E n is the nth order unit matrix, then equation (1) becomes (2) (λE n -A)x=0 For a given square matrix A and complex number λ, the necessary and sufficient condition for the simultaneous linear equations [2] with unknowns x 1 , x 2 , ..., x n to have a solution other than zero is det(λE n -A)=ψ A (λ)=0. In this way, an n-th order square matrix A has at most n eigenvalues, but there are an infinite number of eigenvectors for each eigenvalue λ. Let W λ be the set of all the eigenvectors for the eigenvalue λ of matrix A and 0 (zero vector). W λ is a subspace of the linear space C n created by all n-dimensional vectors. W λ is called the eigenspace of matrix A for the eigenvalue λ. For n-th order square matrices A and B, if there is an n-th order regular matrix (i.e., a matrix whose inverse exists) P such that B=P - 1AP, then A and B are said to be similar. For example, For a linear transformation T of a complex linear space V and a complex number λ, if there is a nonzero element x of V such that T(x)=λx, then λ is called an eigenvalue of the linear transformation T, and x is called an eigenvector for the eigenvalue λ of T. An eigenvector x is a vector whose direction does not change due to T. As with matrices, eigenvalue problems can also be considered for linear transformations, but if we take a basis e 1 ,……, en of V, [Tsuneo Kanno] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
複素数(実数の場合を含む。以下同様)を成分とするn次正方行列A=(aij)と複素数λに対して、 Enをn次単位行列とすると、〔1〕式は 与えられた正方行列Aと複素数λに対して、未知数x1、x2、……、xnの連立一次方程式〔2〕がゼロ解以外の解をもつ必要十分条件は このように、n次正方行列Aの固有値はたかだかn個であるが、各固有値λに対する固有ベクトルは無数にある。Wλを、行列Aの固有値λに対する固有ベクトル全体と0(ゼロベクトル)のつくる集合とする。Wλはn次元ベクトル全体のつくる線形空間Cnの部分空間である。Wλを行列Aの固有値λに対する固有空間という。 n次正方行列A、Bに対し、n次正則行列(すなわち逆行列の存在する行列)PがあってB=P-1APとなるとき、AとBは相似であるという。たとえば 複素線形空間Vの線形変換Tと複素数λに対し、T(x)=λxを満たすようなゼロ元でないVの元xがあるとき、λを線形変換Tの固有値といい、xをTの固有値λに対する固有ベクトルという。固有ベクトルxはTによって方向の変わらないベクトルである。線形変換に対しても行列と同様に固有値問題が考えられるが、Vの基底e1,……, enをとり、 [菅野恒雄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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