Iturbide, Agustín de

Japanese: イトゥルビデ（英語表記）Iturbide， Agustín de

Born: September 27, 1783 in Valladolid
[Died] July 19, 1824. Padilla, Tamaulipas. Mexican soldier. Emperor (reigned 1822-23). Born to a wealthy family of Spanish father and Mexican mother, he served as a soldier in the viceroy's army when the Mexican Revolution began in 1810. In 1813, he made a great achievement, such as dealing a heavy blow to the independence army led by J. Morelos y Pavón. In 1820, a revolution broke out in Spain, and the liberal "Constitution of 1812" was reinstated, which caused anxiety among conservatives and the church in Mexico. Iturbide, who was in charge of suppressing the independence army, seized this opportunity and announced the Mexican Independence Plan (→Iguala Program) on February 24, 1821, which was based on "imperialism, the establishment of Roman Catholicism as the state religion, and equality between Spaniards and Mexicans." He made peace with the revolutionary army and led his army to Mexico City. In August of that same year, the viceroy also recognized independence (→ Treaty of Cordoba), and in September Iturbide entered Mexico City. The following year, in 1822, when King Ferdinand VII of Spain refused an offer to become Emperor of Mexico, Iturbide became Emperor himself, calling himself Agustín I. However, supporters of the Republic opposed this, and rebellions broke out in various places, including the failure of an expedition to Central America. In March 1823, after only ten months on the throne, he abdicated and went into exile in Europe. He attempted to re-enter Mexico the following year, but was arrested and shot to death.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1783.9.27. バリャドリド
[没]1824.7.19. タマウリパス，パディリャ
メキシコの軍人。皇帝 (在位 1822～23) 。父はスペイン人，母はメキシコ人の富裕な家に育ち，1810年メキシコ独立革命が始ると，副王軍の軍人として活躍。 13年には J.モレロス・イ・パボンの率いる独立軍に大打撃を与えるなど功績をあげた。 20年本国スペインで革命が起り，自由主義的な『1812年憲法』が復活すると，メキシコでは保守派，教会の不安が高まった。独立軍鎮圧にあたっていたイトゥルビデはこの機会をとらえ，21年2月 24日，「帝制，ローマ・カトリックの国教化，スペイン人とメキシコ人の平等」を骨子とするメキシコ独立計画 (→イグアラ綱領 ) を発表，革命軍と和平して軍をメキシコシティーへ向けた。同年8月副王も独立を認め (→コルドバ条約 ) ，9月イトゥルビデはメキシコシティーへ入城。翌 22年スペイン王フェルナンド7世がメキシコ皇帝就任要請を拒否すると，みずから皇帝となり，アグスティン1世と称した。しかし，共和制支持者はこれに反対，中央アメリカ遠征の失敗などもあって各地に反乱が起り，結局 23年3月，在位わずか 10ヵ月で退位，ヨーロッパへ亡命した。翌年再入国を企てたが，逮捕され銃殺された。

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