City aristocracy - toshikizoku (English spelling) aristocrazia cittadina

Japanese: 都市貴族 - としきぞく（英語表記）aristocrazia cittadina

A wealthy man who rose to the top of the so-called merchant guilds, whose power grew along with the economic development of the city, was typical of Italian autonomous cities. Between the 12th and 15th centuries, the cities of central and northern Italy flourished as transit points for East-West trade. In the 12th and 13th centuries in particular, the main source of wealth was the exchange of spices from the East for silver from South Germany, and those who became wealthy through this trade in luxury goods were called urban aristocrats or new aristocrats. They had complete autonomy and created urban communes to exercise their own collective rule. The so-called city-states of Italy are a typical example of this. Over time, however, the monopoly of the urban aristocracy's control over city affairs began to be challenged by artisan guilds that grew to compete with the merchant guilds, based on the production of wool and silk.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

イタリアの自治都市に典型的にみられ，都市の経済的発展につれて力を増大してきたいわゆる商人ギルドの頂点に立った富豪。 12～15世紀の間，中北部にあるイタリア諸都市は東西貿易の中継地として栄えた。特に 12～13世紀には東方の香料と南ドイツの銀との交換がおもであったが，この奢侈品貿易によって富豪になった者を都市貴族，または新貴族という。彼らは完全な自治権をもち，自分たちの集団支配を遂行する都市コムーネをつくった。イタリアのいわゆる都市国家はこの典型である。しかしこれら都市貴族による独占的な市政支配は，時期を経るにつれて，毛織物，絹織物の生産に依拠し，商人ギルドに対抗して成長してきた職人ギルドによって挑戦されはじめた。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

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