Energy Levels

Japanese: エネルギー準位 - えねるぎーじゅんい
Energy Levels

The value of energy that a microscopic particle or particle system can possess. It often takes on discrete values ​​(called energy eigenvalues) that are specific to the system, and is so named because it is illustrated with horizontal lines of heights proportional to these values. The discrete allowable values ​​are due to the wave nature of microscopic particles. Waves of electrons bound to atoms create a type of standing wave, but as can be seen from the example of string vibration, the types of standing waves can be numbered, so the particle motion states represented by standing waves (corresponding to orbits in classical mechanics) are also limited to discrete ones that can be numbered. Since the kinetic energy of a particle is proportional to the square of the inverse of the wavelength, the motion with the lowest energy is represented by a standing wave with a long wavelength and no nodes. Energy increases with the number of nodal planes. The energy of the state represented by the jth standing wave is denoted as Ej .

When there are g different states of motion with the same energy eigenvalue, the energy levels are said to be g-fold degenerate. If there is one particle, the wave is an ordinary wave in three-dimensional space, but in a system made up of n particles, we must consider a standing wave in an abstract 3n- dimensional space with coordinate axes x1, y1, z1, x2 … yn, zn . However , the situation is exactly the same .

[Koide Shoichiro]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

微視的(ミクロ)な粒子や粒子系がもつことのできるエネルギーの値。その系に固有なとびとびの値(エネルギー固有値という)をとることが多く、その値に比例する高さの横線で図示するためにこの名がある。許される値がとびとびになるのは、ミクロ粒子のもつ波動性による。原子に束縛された電子の波などは一種の定常波をつくるが、弦の振動の例でもわかるように、定常波の種類は番号づけができるので、定常波で表される粒子の運動状態(古典力学の軌道に対応する)も番号づけの可能なとびとびのものに限定される。粒子の運動エネルギーは波長の逆数の2乗に比例するので、いちばんエネルギーが低いのは節のない長波長の定常波で表される運動である。節面の数とともにエネルギーも増す。j番目の定常波で表される状態のエネルギーをEjのように記す。

 異なる運動状態でエネルギー固有値の等しいものがg個あるとき、そのエネルギー準位はg重に縮退または縮重(しゅくじゅう)しているという。粒子が1個なら波は普通の三次元空間の波であるが、n個の粒子からできている系では、x1y1z1x2……ynznを座標軸とする抽象的な3n次元空間の定常波を考えなければならない。しかし、事情はまったく同じである。

[小出昭一郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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